Which of the following sampling techniques could result easily in biased statistics?  I. A government employee decides to wait at a train station to survey people about whether they support a certain candidate in an upcoming state election. II. A student council representative uses a random number generator to select 40 of the 400 students in the school to survey them about the appropriateness of holding a winter carnival this school year. III. The principal of a large school assigns a number to each student in the school, places the numbers in a drum, and selects 65 numbers without replacement. He then compares these numbers with the numbered list of students and surveys these students about whether they favor a proposed new policy that requires students to wear their hats to their locker only. IV. The owner of a small business randomly selects 30 of 200 employees and asks them whether they would support a union. a Statement IV b Statements II and III c Statements I and IV d Statement I

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.