Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
20. Which of the following might have the largest bond angle?
a. all of the molecules have the same bond angle
b. CH4
c. H20
d. NH3
To determine which of the following molecule have the largest bond angle.
- All the molecules have same bond angle
- CH4
- H2O
- NH3
In CH4 the central atom has 4 valence electrons, here all the 4 valence electrons are used to make 4 bond pairs therefore carbon has no lone pair of electrons.
So, C has 4 bond pairs and 0 lone pairs thus from the VSEPR theory, CH4 has tetrahedral shape and bond angel of 109o.
In H2O the central atom, O has 6 valence electrons, out of which 2 valence electrons are used to make 2 bond pairs and rest 4 electrons are present as 2 lone pairs.
So, O has 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs thus from the VSEPR theory, H2O has bent shape and bond angel is about 105o.
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