Inflammation is a normal physiological response that causes injured tissue to heal. An inflammatory process starts when chemicals are released by the damaged tissue. In response, the immune cells make substances that cause cells to divide and grow to rebuild tissue to repair the injury.
Correct answer: Option d. A, B, and C (a. cigarette smoking, b. gum disease, c. prolonged infections)
Reason for correct answer:
Several toxins present in cigarette smoking have immunomodulatory effects. Cigarette smoking also contains bacterial lipopolysaccharide and other constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. They also activates the inflammatory gene which secretes the inflammatory mediators that promotes the chronic inflammation.
The untreated or prolonged infections also causes the chronic inflammation. The infectious organisms or pathogens in these infections can resist the host defenses and remain in the tissue and causes chronic inflammation. Gum diseases can also cause the chronic inflammation. The microorganisms that invaded the gums irritates the gums and causes the chronic inflammation. The chronic inflammation of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth is associated with bacterial biofilm (plaque) that covers the teeth and gums.
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