Which of the following computerized control procedures would be most effective in ensuring that data uploaded from personal computers to a mainframe are complete and that no additional data are added? () Self-checking digits to ensure that only authorized part numbers are added to the database. () Passwords that effectively limit access to only those authorized to upload the data to the mainframe computer. () Batch control totals. including control totals and hash totals. () Field-level edit controls that test each field for alphanumeric integrity

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Concurrency Control

The simultaneous occurrence of two or more operations is called concurrence and the situation is called concurrency. In concurrency, the function of one operation can affect the function of the other and put data integrity at risk. Hence, management for the control of concurrency is required. The management or controlling system in the Database Management System (DBMS) that coordinates concurrent access is called the concurrency control system.