Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
- Structure: A linear carbon chain with no functional groups.
2. 
- Structure: A linear carbon chain with a hydroxyl (OH) group attached.
3. 
- Structure: A cyclic compound containing an oxygen atom (tetrahydrofuran or THF).
4. 
- Structure: An ether with an oxygen atom in the middle of a linear carbon chain (diethyl ether).
**Answer Choices:**
- O 1
- O 2
- O 4
- O 3
**Explanation:**
When determining which molecule has the highest boiling point, consider the following factors:
1. **Molecular Size and Weight:** Generally, larger molecules and those with higher molecular weights have higher boiling points.
2. **Intermolecular Forces:** Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, will have higher boiling points.
3. **Presence of Functional Groups:** Functional groups like hydroxyl (OH) can form hydrogen bonds, significantly raising the boiling point.
Based on these factors, **Molecule 2**, which contains a hydroxyl group (OH), is expected to have the highest boiling point due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa7cbf17b-fe5b-4db3-acab-198c54f00968%2Fe068214f-a908-4bdb-aacf-f37aa7eb690c%2Fvqkzv1_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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