Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload? atrial natriuretic peptide O aldosterone O antidiuretic hormone O norepinephrine
Anatomy and Physiology of Special Sensory Organs
Sensory organs can be labeled as special sensory structures that permit sight, hearing, odor, and flavor. Sensory structures permitting proprioception, touch, thermal, and pain perception can be classified as more advanced sensory organs. The sensory neurons are trained to find out modifications in the external and internal conditions so that a person's body can react to that change. A stimulus is the first signal that is recognized by any sensory receptor of the body. Stimulus is an impulse generated when there is a change in the surroundings of a person. For example, a heated environment will alert the brain through the thermal sensory organs and generate a reflex accordingly.
Sensory Receptors
The human sensory system is one of the most complex and highly evolved structures, which processes a myriad of incoming messages. This well-coordinated system helps an organism or individual to respond to external stimuli, appropriately. The sensory receptors are an important part of the sensory system. These receptors are specialized epidermal cells that respond to external environmental stimuli. These receptors consist of structural and support cells that form the peripheral unit of the receptor and the neural dendrites which receive and detect the external stimuli.
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is determined by the heart rate, contractility, preload, and afterload. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, measured in liters/minute. The product of the stroke volume and the number of beats per minute is logically equal to cardiac output (heart rate).
Catecholamines, endothelins, glucocorticosteroids, thyroid hormones, leptin, and PTHrP are hormones that raise heart rate when present in excess. Natriuretic peptides, substance P, neurokinin A, oxytocin, and angiotensin 1-7 are among the substances that lower heart rate.
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