Which are monophyletic groups ? 1) A,B,C,D 2) E,F,G 3. A and B 4. F and G 5. H,J, and K Sociology of Sexu XG Sex and Gender Id xb Nonbinary: What xD (511) Racial/Ethn xHomework #2: Ph xS/64362/assignments/321286AB CE F G H I JK15201918141312$44.3. O O O O O5.4.8.KAMSHUntitled documen x Sociology of Sexu x Sex and Gender Id x O Nonbinary: What x D (511) Racial/Ethranvas.calpoly.edu/courses/64362/assignments/3212861pointWhich of the following is a monophyletic group?A, B, C, and D are a monophyletic groupO E,F, and G are a Monophyletic GroupA and B are a Monophyletic GroupFand G are a Monophyletic GroupHJ, and K are a Monophyletic Group1pointWhich of the following is most closely related to taxon 1?3.H, J, and K are equally relatedH.J and K are equally related4.9.Which of the following numbers is labeling the Most recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of taxa E, H, and K?5.K.9.1 point7.1416%244.233.40O

Monophyletic also means monophlogeny . The alphabates here represent the Organism.

Answered: Which are monophyletic groups ? 1)…

Essentials Of Human Development

1st Edition

ISBN:9781285647357

Author:Kail

Publisher:Kail

Chapter5: Entering The Social World: Socioemotional Development In Infancy And Early Childhood

Section5.4: Gender Roles And Gender Identity

Problem 5TY

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As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Based on what is known about the test results in this case and the hypothetical tests in the first case, do you think the outcome in each case was fair?
As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?
A/An _______________________ is acquired in a hospital setting. iatrogenic illness idiopathic disorder nosocomial infection organic disorder
The genotype XXY corresponds to Klinefelter syndrome Turner syndrome Triplo-X Jacob syndrome
Figure 8.16 What ratio of offspring would result from a cross between a white-eyed male and a female that is heterozygous for red eye color?
A single allele gives rise to the Hbs form of hemoglobin. Individuals who are homozygous for the allele (HbS/HbS) develop sickle-cell anemia (Section 9.6). Heterozygous individuals (HbA/HbS) have few symptoms. A couple who are both heterozygous for the HbS allele plan to have children. For each of the pregnancies, state the probability that they will have a child who is: a. homozygous for the HbS allele b. homozygous for the normal allele (HbA) c. heterozygous: HbA/HbS
The genotype XXY corresponds to: a. Klinefelter syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Tripto-X d. Jacob syndrome
A couple who wishes to have children visits you, a genetic counselor. There is a history of a deleterious recessive trait in males in the womans family but not in the mans family. The couple is convinced that because his family shows no history of this genetic disease, they are not at risk of having affected children. What steps would you take to assess this situation and educate the couple?
A single allele gives rise to the HbS form of hemoglobin. Individuals who are homozygous for the allele HbS/HbS develop sickle-cell anemia Section 9.5. Heterozygous individuals HbA/ HbS have few Symptoms. A couple who are both heterozygous for the HbS allele plan to have children. For each of the pregnancies, determine the probability that their child will be: a. homozygous for the HbS allele b. homozygous for the normal allele HbA c. heterozygous: HbA/HbS
G6PD deficiency is an X-Linked recessive disorder. When people who have this disorder eat fava beans, they have a dangerous acute reaction in which a large number of their red blood cells rupture. A mother has the disorder; the father does not. What is the chance that any child of this union will have the trait?
A mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause ___________________. cerebral palsy Down syndrome fetal alcohol syndrome genetic disorders
For each genotype listed, what allele combinations will occur in gametes? a. AABBCC b. AaBBc c. AaBBcc d. AaBbCc

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