Which antimicrobial agents have the narrowest spectrum of action?antiviralsantifungalsbeta-lactamssulfanilamidesBottom of FormPenicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic becauseit only affects bacteria with mycolic acid in its cell wall, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.it only affects virusesit only affects Gram-negative organismsit only affects Gram-positive organismsBottom of FormWhich of the following antibiotics might be destroyed by beta-lactamase enzymes?amphotericin B and ciprofloxacinstreptomycinpenicillinciprofloxacinBottom of FormWhich is incorrect about how the pharmaceutical industry has discovered drugs over the past 100 years?The process of discovery has involved custom-designing chemical compounds that we know will bind to target enzymes.The process of discovery has involved screening for chemicals that are toxic to bacteria while being less toxic to human cells.The process of discovery has involved screening thousands of randomly generated synthetic or semi-synthetic chemicals for antimicrobial activity.The process of discovery has involved screening natural compounds produced by bacteria and fungi for their antibiotic activity.Bottom of FormWhich antibiotic should not be prescribed to pregnant women due to toxicity?tetracyclines.beta lactamssulfonamides.aminoglycosides.Bottom of FormAntimicrobial drugs that block cross-linking of peptidoglycan arenucleic acid synthesis inhibitors.protein synthesis inhibitors.cell wall synthesis inhibitors.antimetabolites.Bottom of FormHow does a cell wall synthesis inhibitor cause death of a bacterial cell?Ribosomes lose their function.Weakened cell walls rupture in response to osmotic pressure.The replication of cells, including cancer cells, slows down.Cells cannot attach to their hosts.Bottom of FormWhich of these antibiotics are DNA synthesis inhibitors?the quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, etc).the streptomycins (actinomycin, streptomycin, and erythromycin).rifampin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole.the penicillins (penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin).Bottom of FormA father rushes his six-year old son to the emergency room. His son has a high fever, dark reddish splotches on his skin, and was previously complaining of neck pain and stiffness but is now becoming delirious. The emergency room physician immediately suspects meningitis, performs a spinal tap, and orders an antibiotic.Which route of administration do you think is most likely, in this situation?intravenous (IV).intramuscular (IM).oral (PO)rectal (PR)Bottom of FormWhich of these drugs inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?penicillin and cephalosporinbacitracincycloserine and vancomycinerythromycinBottom of FormTop of FormPaul Ehrlich created the first drug that was produced using a modern pharmaceutical approach. His drug was highly effective against syphilis, although it had terrible side effects and occaisonally killed the patient. What was this product?calomelsulfanilamidepenicillinSalvarsanBottom of FormHow might bacteria become resistant to aminoglycosides?Mutation or loss of a porin protein.Production of an enzyme to destroy the beta-lactam ring.Mutation or loss of penicillin-binding proteins.Mutation or loss of DNA gyrase enzyme.Bottom of FormThe first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infectionsdisrupted cytoplasmic membranes.interfered with bacterial cell wall synthesis.was an attachment antagonist.was an antimetabolite.Bottom of FormWhich diseases can happen after antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?yeast infections and pseudomembranous colitisstaphylococcal skin infectionsyeast infectionspseudomembranous colitisBottom of FormWhich is a common way that Gram-negative bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial drugs?mutation of mitochondriamutation of ribosomal subunitsmutation of peptidoglycan cross-linking enzymesmutation of porinsBottom of FormMost broad-spectrum antibiotics belong to which class?protein synthesis inhibitorsantimetabolitescell wall synthesis inhibitorscytoplasmic membrane disruptorsBottom of FormIn the antiviral drug lamivudine, an -SH group replaces an -OH group in cytosine. When used as a medication, itinterferes with cell wall synthesis.disrupts lipid membrane structure.interferes with nucleic acid synthesis.interferes with protein synthesis.Bottom of FormHow do most of the protein synthesis inhibitors class of antibiotics work?Most bind to mRNA.Most bind to RNA polymerase.Most bind to DNA gyrase.Most bind to a ribosomal subunit.Bottom of FormWho developed Prontosil (sulfonamidochrysoidine), the first synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic? Gerhard Domagk.Alexander Fleming.Paul Ehrlich.Joseph Lister.Bottom of FormWhich pathway do trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole target?catabolism of glucosesynthesis of peptidoglycansynthesis of ribosomesconversion of PABA to purines

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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

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ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

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Which antimicrobial agents have the narrowest spectrum of action?

antivirals
antifungals
beta-lactams
sulfanilamidesBottom of Form

Penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic because

it only affects bacteria with mycolic acid in its cell wall, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
it only affects viruses
it only affects Gram-negative organisms
it only affects Gram-positive organismsBottom of Form

Which of the following antibiotics might be destroyed by beta-lactamase enzymes?

amphotericin B and ciprofloxacin
streptomycin
penicillin
ciprofloxacinBottom of Form

Which is incorrect about how the pharmaceutical industry has discovered drugs over the past 100 years?

The process of discovery has involved custom-designing chemical compounds that we know will bind to target enzymes.
The process of discovery has involved screening for chemicals that are toxic to bacteria while being less toxic to human cells.
The process of discovery has involved screening thousands of randomly generated synthetic or semi-synthetic chemicals for antimicrobial activity.
The process of discovery has involved screening natural compounds produced by bacteria and fungi for their antibiotic activity.Bottom of Form

Which antibiotic should not be prescribed to pregnant women due to toxicity?

tetracyclines.
beta lactams
sulfonamides.
aminoglycosides.Bottom of Form

Antimicrobial drugs that block cross-linking of peptidoglycan are

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors.
protein synthesis inhibitors.
cell wall synthesis inhibitors.
antimetabolites.Bottom of Form

How does a cell wall synthesis inhibitor cause death of a bacterial cell?

Ribosomes lose their function.
Weakened cell walls rupture in response to osmotic pressure.
The replication of cells, including cancer cells, slows down.
Cells cannot attach to their hosts.Bottom of Form

Which of these antibiotics are DNA synthesis inhibitors?

the quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, etc).
the streptomycins (actinomycin, streptomycin, and erythromycin).
rifampin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole.
the penicillins (penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin).Bottom of Form

A father rushes his six-year old son to the emergency room. His son has a high fever, dark reddish splotches on his skin, and was previously complaining of neck pain and stiffness but is now becoming delirious. The emergency room physician immediately suspects meningitis, performs a spinal tap, and orders an antibiotic.
1. Which route of administration do you think is most likely, in this situation?

intravenous (IV).
intramuscular (IM).
oral (PO)
rectal (PR)Bottom of Form

Which of these drugs inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?

penicillin and cephalosporin
bacitracin
cycloserine and vancomycin
erythromycinBottom of FormTop of Form

Paul Ehrlich created the first drug that was produced using a modern pharmaceutical approach. His drug was highly effective against syphilis, although it had terrible side effects and occaisonally killed the patient. What was this product?

calomel
sulfanilamide
penicillin
SalvarsanBottom of Form

How might bacteria become resistant to aminoglycosides?

Mutation or loss of a porin protein.
Production of an enzyme to destroy the beta-lactam ring.
Mutation or loss of penicillin-binding proteins.
Mutation or loss of DNA gyrase enzyme.Bottom of Form

The first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infections

disrupted cytoplasmic membranes.
interfered with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
was an attachment antagonist.
was an antimetabolite.Bottom of Form

Which diseases can happen after antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?

yeast infections and pseudomembranous colitis
staphylococcal skin infections
yeast infections
pseudomembranous colitisBottom of Form

Which is a common way that Gram-negative bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial drugs?

mutation of mitochondria
mutation of ribosomal subunits
mutation of peptidoglycan cross-linking enzymes
mutation of porinsBottom of Form

Most broad-spectrum antibiotics belong to which class?

protein synthesis inhibitors
antimetabolites
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
cytoplasmic membrane disruptorsBottom of Form

In the antiviral drug lamivudine, an -SH group replaces an -OH group in cytosine. When used as a medication, it

interferes with cell wall synthesis.
disrupts lipid membrane structure.
interferes with nucleic acid synthesis.
interferes with protein synthesis.Bottom of Form

How do most of the protein synthesis inhibitors class of antibiotics work?

Most bind to mRNA.
Most bind to RNA polymerase.
Most bind to DNA gyrase.
Most bind to a ribosomal subunit.Bottom of Form

Who developed Prontosil (sulfonamidochrysoidine), the first synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic?

Gerhard Domagk.
Alexander Fleming.
Paul Ehrlich.
Joseph Lister.Bottom of Form

Which pathway do trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole target?

catabolism of glucose
synthesis of peptidoglycan
synthesis of ribosomes
conversion of PABA to purines

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Which antimicrobial agents have the narrowest spectrum of action? antivirals antifungals beta-lactams sulfanilamidesBottom of Form