When large communications satellites are positioned in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), they are first launched into low-Earth orbit (LEO) while mated to a transfer stage. A transfer stage is a rocket specifically designed to move (or transfer) satellites from LEO  to GEO. Compare the amount of energy it requires to transfer a 8,000 kg satellite from a 750 km altitude orbit to GEO with the amount of energy required to send a 8,000 kg spacecraft from the same LEO orbit to the Moon so that it can land on the surface of the Moon. Note that the Lunar spacecraft will need the same orbital speed as that of the Moon around the Earth so that the Moon doesn’t move away from the spacecraft before it has a chance to land.

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Central Force

Central force is the force that acts along the center of mass of one body to the center of mass of another body. Its direction from or away from a point on a body to another is called the center of the force. Such forces include gravitational force between two massive objects or electrostatic forces between two charged particles. So from atoms to planets, the central forces play an important role in shaping our daily lives. One of the remarkable features of central forces is that they are conservative, i.e. the total energy of a central force system can always be expressed as a gradient of a potential energy function.