The second law of thermodynamics is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics, which deals with the study of energy and its transformation. The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system will always increase over time, meaning that the energy of the system will tend to become more disordered and spread out. The increase in entropy is a measure of the amount of thermal energy unavailable for doing useful work. A spontaneous process is one in which the entropy of the universe increases without the need for external intervention. Understanding the relationship between entropy, thermal energy, and spontaneous processes is critical for a wide range of applications, including energy conversion and heat transfer
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