Neutral Amino Acids
Amino acids which do not have any charge on them are neutral amino acids.
Globular Protein
The globular proteins refer to the shape of protein specifically spherical in nature apart from spherical form fibrous, disordered and membrane-bound proteins exist. These globular proteins are miscible in water and form a colloidal solution rather than other types which might not exhibit solubility. Many classes of the fold are found in globular proteins, which render them a sphere shape. Globular fold containing proteins usually are referred to by the term globin.
Dimer
Dimers are basic organic compounds, which are derivates of oligomers. It is formed by the combination of two monomers which could potentially be strong or weak and in most cases covalent or intermolecular in nature. Identical monomers are called homodimer, the non-identical dimers are called heterodimer. The method by which dimers are formed is known as “dimerization”.
Dipeptide
A dipeptide is considered a mixture of two distinct amino acids. Since the amino acids are distinct, based on their composition, two dipeptide's isomers can be produced. Various dipeptides are biologically essential and are therefore crucial to industry.
What is used to measure PH of protein solution
Protein Fouling of pH Sensing Glass Membrane
In any aqueous solution, acid is present in the form of hydronium ions. The sensing membrane in a pH sensor is specially designed to interact with these hydronium ions to generate a voltage potential, which is then converted into a useable pH value. In order for this interaction to happen, the sensing glass of the sensor must be free from contamination, such as pro¬tein residues. Any contamination present on the glass will limit the surface area available for interaction with hydronium and slow the reaction of the sensor.
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Figure 1: Creation of potential at glass membrane
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A slow sensor is more than just an inconvenience. The pH meter to which the sensor is connected needs to find a mathematical endpoint based on the change in millivolt signal per a time unit. Since the change in millivolt signal is derived from the interaction of the hydronium in solution with the sensing glass of the sensor, protein contamination can have an effect on the value, introducing measurement error. When a sensor is free of protein residue the voltage potential changes very quickly over time as it acclimates to the new hydronium ion concentration. After a few seconds, this change in potential per second decreases, and when it decreases below the “stability criterion” for the meter, the final pH value is captured.
Due to the decreased available surface area of the sensing glass, the initial change in mV potential per unit time is smaller. In the same manner as the clean sensor, the contaminated sensor will also produce smaller changes in millivolt potential with time as the system reaches equilibrium. However, whether the sensor reacts quickly or slowly to a change in solution pH, the pH meter has the same “stability criterion.”
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Figure 2: Response time of a clean vs. a contaminated sensor. Clean membrane (blue) pH=6.026, Endpoint Time: 84s Contaminated membrane (green) pH=6.022 Endpoint Time: 374s
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2. Protein Blockage of Ceramic Junctions
Just as with the sensing glass of the sensor, the junction is susceptible to protein fouling. A classical ceramic junction is a frit located just above the sensing glass of the sensor. The frit is comprised of small pores, designed to allow liquid electrolyte to flow out of the sensor and into the sample. The flow of electrolyte is critical to obtaining an accurate pH reading – it produces a stable reference potential and closes the circuit of the sensor. Without steady electrolyte flow into the sample, error in the reading is unavoidable.
Liquid electrolyte is a concentrated salt solution. Many times, when protein solutions are exposed to brines, the protein will precipitate to form a solid. When a solution is subjected to pH measurement, a salt gradient is formed, with the highest concentration of salt being located at the pH sensor’s junction. This makes protein precipitation in the sensor’s junction a likely scenario. As proteins precipitate in the small pores of a ceramic junction, electrolyte flow is slowed and eventually halted, introducing error into the pH reading.
3. How to Remove Protein Contamination of a pH Sensor
4. How to find the right pH Sensor
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