What is the minimum voltage that can be applied to the collector of Q3 in the given figure and have the transistor remain in the active region if IREF= 20 HA, n= 5, BFO= 120, and Iso=3 fA? Calculate an exact value based on the value of Iso (Round off the solution to two decimal places.) lo IREF () Q4 Q3 A A Q2 A nA -VEE Vc3 2 >

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.