Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133949640
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
1 Basic Concepts Of Chemistry 2 Atoms Molecules And Ions 3 Chemical Reactions 4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions 5 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Energy And Chemical Reactions 6 The Structure Of Atoms 7 The Structure Of Atoms And Periodic Trends 8 Bonding And Molecular Structure 9 Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals 10 Gases And Their Properties 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids 12 The Solid State 13 Solutions And Their Behavior 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates Of Chemical Reactions 15 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 16 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases 17 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects Of Aqueous Equilibria 18 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy 19 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions 20 Environmental Chemistry-earth's Environment, Energy, And Sustainability 21 The Chemistry Of The Main Group Elements 22 The Chemistry Of The Transistion Elements 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 24 Biochemistry 25 Nuclear Chemistry L Let's Review Chapter4: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions
4.1 Mass Relationships In Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry 4.2 Reactions In Which One Reactant Is Present In Limited Supply 4.3 Percent Yield 4.4 Chemical Equations And Chemical Analysis 4.5 Measuring Concentrations Of Compounds In Solution 4.6 Ph, A Concentration Scale For Acids And Bases 4.7 Stoichiometry Of Reactions In Aqueous Solution-fundamentals 4.8 Stoichiometry Of Reactions In Aqueous Solution-titrations 4.9 Spectrophotometry Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1PS: The reaction of iron(III) oxide with aluminum to give molten iron is known as the thermite reaction... Problem 2PS: What mass of HCI, in grams, is required to react with 0.750 g of Al(OH)3? What mass of water, in... Problem 3PS: Like many metals, aluminum reacts with a halogen (here the orange-brown liquid Br2) to give a metal... Problem 4PS: The balanced equation for the reduction of iron ore to the metal using CO is Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2... Problem 5PS: Methane, CH4, burns in oxygen. (a) What are the products of the reaction? (b) Write the balanced... Problem 6PS: The formation of water-Insoluble silver chloride is useful in the analysis of chloride-containing... Problem 7PS: The metals industry was a major source of air pollution years ago. One common process involved... Problem 8PS Problem 9PS: Chromium metal reacts with oxygen to give chromium(III) oxide, Cr2O3. (a) Write a balanced equation... Problem 10PS: Ethane, C2H6, burns in oxygen. (a) What are the products of the reaction? (b) Write the balanced... Problem 11PS Problem 12PS: Ammonia gas can be prepared by the reaction of a metal oxide such as calcium oxide with ammonium... Problem 13PS: The compound SF6 is made by burning sulfur in an atmosphere of fluorine. The balanced equation is... Problem 14PS: Disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is used to vulcanize rubber. It can be made by treating molten sulfur... Problem 15PS: The reaction of methane and water is one way to prepare hydrogen for use as a fuel: CH4(g) + H2O(g) ... Problem 16PS: Aluminum chloride AlCl3, is made by treating scrap aluminum with chlorine. 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl3(g) 2... Problem 17PS: In the thermite reaction, iron(III) oxide is reduced by aluminum to give molten iron Fe2O3(S) + 2... Problem 18PS: Aspirin, C6H4 (OCOCH3) CO3H, is produced by the reaction of salicylic acid, C6H4(OH)CO2H, and acetic... Problem 19PS: In Example 4.2, you found that a particular mixture of CO and H2 could produce 407 g CH3OH. CO(g) +... Problem 20PS: Ammonia gas can be prepared by the following reaction: CaO(s) + 2 NH4Cl(s) 2 NH3(g) + H2O(g) +... Problem 21PS: The deep blue compound Cu(NH3)4S04 is made by the reaction of copper(II) sulfate and ammonia... Problem 22PS: Black smokers are found in the depths of the oceans. Thinking that the conditions in these smokers... Problem 23PS: The reaction of methane and water is one way to prepare hydrogen for use as a fuel: CH4(g) + H2O(g) ... Problem 24PS: Methanol, CH3OH, can be prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) CH3OH(l) What... Problem 25PS: A mixture of CuSO4 and CuSO4.5 H2O has a mass of 1.245 g. After heating to drive off all the water,... Problem 26PS: A 2.634-g sample containing impure CuCl2 2 H2O was heated. The sample mass after heating to drive... Problem 27PS Problem 28PS Problem 29PS: Nickel(II) sulfide, NiS, occurs naturally as the relatively rare mineral millerite. One of its... Problem 30PS: The aluminum in a 0.764-g sample of an unknown material was precipitated as aluminum hydroxide,... Problem 31PS Problem 32PS: Mesitylene is a liquid hydrocarbon Burning 0.115 g of the compound in oxygen gives 0.379 g of CO2... Problem 33PS: Naphthalene is a hydrocarbon that once was used in mothballs. If 0.3093 g of the compound is burned... Problem 34PS: Azulene is a beautiful blue hydrocarbon. If 0.106 g of the compound is burned in oxygen, 0.364 g of... Problem 35PS: An unknown compound has the formula CxHyOz. You burn 0.0956 g of the compound and isolate 0.1356 g... Problem 36PS: An unknown compound has the formula CxHyOz. You burn 0.1523 g of the compound and isolate 0.3718 g... Problem 37PS: Nickel forms a compound with carbon monoxide, Nix(CO)y. To determine its formula, you carefully heat... Problem 38PS: To find the formula of a compound composed of iron and carbon monoxide, Fex(CO)yx, the compound is... Problem 39PS: If 6.73 g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in enough water to make 250. mL of solution, what is the molar... Problem 40PS: Some potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), 2.335 g, is dissolved in enough water to make exactly 500. mL... Problem 41PS: What is the mass of solute, in grams, in 250, mL of a 0.0125 M solution of KMnO4? Problem 42PS Problem 43PS: What volume of 0123 M NaOH, in milliliters, contains 25.0 g of NaOH? Problem 44PS: What volume of 2.06 M KMnO4, in liters, contains 322 g of solute? Problem 45PS: Identify the ions that exist in each aqueous solution, and specify the concentration of each ion.... Problem 46PS: Identify the ions that exist in each aqueous solution, and specify the concentration of each ion.... Problem 47PS: An experiment in your laboratory requires 500. mL of a 0.0200 M solution of Na2CO3. You are given... Problem 48PS: What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to prepare 250. mL of a solution that has a... Problem 49PS: If you dilute 25.0 mL of 1.50 M hydrochloric acid to 500. mL, what is the molar concentration of the... Problem 50PS: If 4.00 mL of 0.0250 M CuSO4 is diluted to 10.0 mL with pure water, what is the molar concentration... Problem 51PS: Which of the following methods would you use to prepare 1.00 L of 0.125 M H2SO4? (a) Dilute 20.8 mL... Problem 52PS: Which of the following methods would you use to prepare 300. mL of 0.500 M K2Cr2O7? (a) Add 30.0 mL... Problem 53PS: You have 250. mL of 0.136 M HCl. Using a volumetric pipet, you take 25.00 mL of that solution and... Problem 54PS Problem 55PS: A table wine has a pH of 3.40. What is the hydronium ion concentration of the wine? Is it acidic or... Problem 56PS: A saturated solution of milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2, has a pH of 10.5. What is the hydronium ion... Problem 57PS Problem 58PS Problem 59PS Problem 60PS Problem 61PS Problem 62PS: What mass of Na2CO3, in grams, is required for complete reaction with 50.0 mL of 0.125 M HNO3?... Problem 63PS: When an electric current is passed through an aqueous solution of NaCI, the valuable industrial... Problem 64PS: Hydrazine, N2H4, a base like ammonia, can react with sulfuric add. 2 N2H4(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2... Problem 65PS: In the photographic developing process, silver bromide is dissolved by adding sodium thiosulfate.... Problem 66PS: You can dissolve an aluminum soft drink can in an aqueous base such as potassium hydroxide. 2 Al(s)... Problem 67PS: What volume of 0.750 M Pb(NO3)2, in milliliters, is required to react completely with 1.00 L of 2.25... Problem 68PS: What volume of 0.125 M oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to react with 35.2 mL of 0.546 M NaOH?... Problem 69PS: What volume of 0.812 M HCI, in milliliters, is required to titrate 1.45 g of NaOH to the equivalence... Problem 70PS: What volume of 0.955 M HCl, in milliliters, is required to titrate 2.152 g of Na2CO3 to the... Problem 71PS: If 38.55 mL of HCI is required to titrate 2.150 g of Na2CO3 according to the following equation,... Problem 72PS: Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHCgH4O4, is used to standardize solutions of bases. The acidic anion... Problem 73PS: You have 0.954 g of an unknown acid, H2A, which reacts with NaOH according to the balanced equation... Problem 74PS: An unknown solid acid is either citric acid or tartaric acid. To determine which acid you have, you... Problem 75PS: To analyze an iron-containing compound, you convert all the iron to Fe2+ in aqueous solution and... Problem 76PS: Vitamin C has the formula C6H8O6. Besides being an acid, it is a reducing agent. One method for... Problem 77PS Problem 79GQ: Suppose 16.04 g of benzene, C6H6, is burned in oxygen. (a) What are the products of the reaction?... Problem 80GQ: The metabolic disorder diabetes causes a buildup of acetone, CH3COCH3, in the blood. Acetone, a... Problem 81GQ: Your body deals with excess nitrogen by excreting it in the form of urea, NH2CONH2. The reaction... Problem 82GQ: The reaction of iron metal and chlorine gas to give iron(III) chloride is illustrated below. (a)... Problem 83GQ Problem 84GQ: The reaction of 750. g each of NH3 and O2 was found to produce 562 g of NO (see pages 177-179). 4... Problem 85GQ: Sodium azide, an explosive chemical used in auto-mobile airbags, is made by the following reaction:... Problem 86GQ Problem 87GQ Problem 88GQ Problem 89GQ Problem 90GQ: A Menthol, from oil of mint, has a characteristic odor. The compound contains only C, H, and O. If... Problem 91GQ: Benzoquinone, a chemical used in the dye industry and in photography, is an organic compound... Problem 92GQ: Aqueous solutions of iron(II) chloride and sodium sulfide react to form iron(II)sulfide and sodium... Problem 93GQ: Sulfuric acid can be prepared starting with the sulfide ore, cuprite (Cu2S). If each S atom in Cu2S... Problem 94GQ Problem 95GQ: An unknown metal reacts with oxygen to give the metal oxide, MO2. Identify the metal if a 0.356-g... Problem 96GQ: Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, is heated in hydrogen gas to give water and a new titanium oxide. TixOy If... Problem 97GQ: Potassium perchlorate is prepared by the following sequence of reactions: Cl2(g) + 2 KOH(aq) ... Problem 98GQ: A Commercial sodium "hydrosulfite" is 90.1% Na2S2O4. The sequence of reactions used to prepare the... Problem 99GQ: What mass of lime, CaO, can be obtained by heating 125 kg of limestone that is 95.0% by mass CaCO3?... Problem 100GQ: The elements silver, molybdenum, and sulfur combine to form Ag2MoS4. What is the maximum mass of... Problem 101GQ: A mixture of butene, C4Hg, and butane, is burned in air to give CO2 and water. Suppose you burn 2.86... Problem 102GQ: Cloth can be waterproofed by coating it with a silicone layer. This is done by exposing the cloth to... Problem 103GQ: Copper metal can be prepared by roasting copper ore, which can contain cuprite (Cu2S) and copper(II)... Problem 104GQ Problem 105GQ: Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid react according to the equation NaHCO3(aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) ... Problem 106GQ: A noncarbonated soft drink contains an unknown amount of citric acid, H3C6H5O7. lf 100. mL of the... Problem 107GQ: Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is used as a fixer in black-and-white photography. Suppose you have a... Problem 108GQ: You have a mixture of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, and another solid that does not react with sodium... Problem 109GQ: (a) What is the pH of a 0.105 M HCl solution? (b) What is the hydronium ion concentration in a... Problem 110GQ: A solution of hydrochloric acid has a volume of 125 mL and a pH of 2.56. What mass of NaHCO3 must be... Problem 111GQ: One half liter (500. mL) of 2.50 M HCl is mixed with 250. mL of 3.75 M HCl. Assuming the total... Problem 112GQ: A solution of hydrochloric acid has a volume of 250. mL and a pH of 1.92. Exactly 250. mL of 0.0105... Problem 113GQ Problem 115GQ Problem 116GQ Problem 117GQ: Gold can be dissolved from gold-bearing rock by treating the rock with sodium cyanide in the... Problem 118GQ: You mix 25.0 mL of 0.234 M FeCl3 with 42.5 mL of 0.453 M NaOH. (a) What mass of Fe(OH)3 (in grams)... Problem 119GQ Problem 120GQ: ATOM ECONOMY: Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, is an important industrial chemical [as it is the starting... Problem 121IL: Suppose you dilute 25.0 mL of a 0.110 M solution of Na2CO3 to exactly 100.0 mL. You then take... Problem 122IL Problem 123IL: Oyster beds in the oceans require chloride ions for growth. The minimum concentration is 8 mg/L (8... Problem 125IL: You wish to determine the weight percent of copper in a copper-containing alloy. After dissolving a... Problem 126IL Problem 127IL: Chromium(III) chloride forms many compounds with ammonia. To find the formula of one of these... Problem 128IL: Thioridazine, C21H26N2S2, is a pharmaceutical agent used to regulate dopamine (Dopamine, a... Problem 129IL: A herbicide contains 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), C8H6Cl2O3. A 1.236-g sample of the... Problem 130IL: Sulfuric acid is listed in a catalog with a concentration of 95-98%. A bottle of the acid in the... Problem 135SCQ: Two beakers sit on a balance; the total mass is 167.170 g. One beaker contains a solution of KI; the... Problem 136SCQ: A weighed sample of iron (Fe) is added to liquid bromine (Br2) and allowed to react completely. The... Problem 137SCQ: Let us explore a reaction with a limiting reactant. Here, zinc metal is added to a flask containing... Problem 139SCQ: Two students titrate different samples of the same solution of HCl using 0.100 M NaOH solution and... Problem 141SCQ: ATOM ECONOMY: Benzene, C6H6, is a common compound, and it can be oxidized to give maleic anhydride,... Problem 142SCQ: ATOM ECONOMY: Maleic anhydride, C4H2O3, can be produced by the oxidation of benzene (Study Question... Problem 109GQ: (a) What is the pH of a 0.105 M HCl solution? (b) What is the hydronium ion concentration in a...
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Concept explainers
4) What is the [H+ ] of a solution that has a pH of 12?
5) A hydrochloric acid solution contains a concentration of hydrogen ions of 5.8 x 10-4 M. What is the solution's pH?
6) According to the activity series, if you place a piece of zinc in a solution of copper (II) chloride, it will dissolve.
7) All chemical reactions result in:
A)
a change in the structure of the reactant atoms
B)
energy being liberated in the form of heat and/or light
C)
a change in the atomic number of atoms involved
D)
a rearrangement of the atoms into new substances.
Definition Definition Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It uniquely identifies an element, as the number of protons determines the element's properties. The periodic table of elements is arranged based on increasing atomic numbers, allowing scientists to easily locate and study elements.
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