A block of crown glass is immersed in water as in the figure shown below. A light ray is incident on the top face at an angle of ?1 = 37.8° with the normal and exits the block at point P. (Assume that x = 3.81 cm.) A block is immersed in water. A ray starts in the water at the top of the image and moves down and to the right before it is incident on the top surface of the block at an angle ?1 to the vertical at a distance x from the right side of the block. The ray refracts to have a steeper slope than the incident ray, and extends down and to the right to point P on the right side of the block, where point P is a vertical distance y from the top of the block. The ray exits the block at a steeper angle than it was within the block, and at an angle ?2 to the horizontal. (a) Find the vertical distance y from the top of the block to P ??cm (b) Find the angle of refraction ?2 of the light ray leaving the block at P. ??°

Consider a beam of light from the left entering a prism of apex angle as shown in Figure P34.34. Two angles of incidence, 1, and 3, are shown as Hell as two angles of refraction, 2 and 4. Show that = 1 + 3. Figure P34.34

(i) When an image of an object is formed by a converging lens, which of the following statements is always true? More than one statement may be correct. (a) The image is virtual. (b) The image is real. (c) The image is upright. (d) The image is inverted. (e) None of those statements is always true. (ii) When the image of an object is formed by a diverging lens, which of the statements is always true?

(i) When an image of an object is formed by a plane mirror, which of the following statements is always true? More than one statement may be correct. (a) The image is virtual. (b) The image is real. (c) The image is upright. (d) The image is inverted. (e) None of those statements is always true. (ii) When the image of an object is formed by a concave mirror, which of the preceding statements are always true? (iii) When the image of an object is formed by a convex mirror, which of the preceding statements are always true?

An object is located in air 30 cm from the vertex of a convex surface made of glass with a radius of curvature 80 cm. Where does the image by refraction form and what is its magnification?

In Figure P35.30, a thin converging lens of focal length 14.0 cm forms an image of the square abed, which is he = hb = 10.0 cm high and lies between distances of pd = 20.0 cm and pa = 30.0 cm from the lens. Let a, b, c. and d represent the respective corners of the image. Let qa represent the image distance for points a and b, qd represent the image distance for points c and d, hb, represent the distance from point b to the axis, and hc represent the height of c. (a) Find qa, qd, hb, and hc. (b) Make a sketch of the image. (c) The area of the object is 100 cm2. By carrying out the following steps, you will evaluate the area of the image. Let q represent the image distance of any point between a and d, for which the object distance is p. Let h represent the distance from the axis to the point at the edge of the image between b and c at image distance q. Demonstrate that h=10.0q(114.01q) where h and q are in centimeters. (d) Explain why the geometric area of the image is given by qaqdhdq (e) Carry out the integration to find the area of the image. Figure P35.30

A leaf of length h is positioned 71.0 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 39.0 cm. An observer views the image of the leaf from a position 1.26 in behind the lens, as shown in Figure P25.25. (a) What is the magnitude of the lateral magnification (the ratio of the image size to the object size) produced by the lens? (b) What angular magnification is achieved by viewing the image of the leaf rather than viewing the loaf directly? Figure P25.25

Figure P38.43 shows a concave meniscus lens. If |r1| = 8.50 cm and |r2| = 6.50 cm, find the focal length and determine whether the lens is converging or diverging. The lens is made of glass with index of refraction n = 1.55. CHECK and THINK: How do your answers change if the object is placed on the right side of the lens? FIGURE P38.43

An object viewed with the naked eye subtends a 2° angle. If you view the object through a 10 x magnifying glass, what angle is subtended by the image formed on your retina?

A ray of light travels through air until it strikes the interface between the air and another medium. The incident ray makes an angle of  ?1 = 34.0°  with the normal, as shown in the figure below. Upon passage into the second medium, the ray is refracted, emerging from the interface at an angle  ?2  with respect to the normal. A light ray in air is moving down and to the right and is incident on a second medium. It makes an angle ?1 with the vertical. Inside the vertical, it continues to move down and to the right but at a steeper slope than the incident ray. It makes an angle ?2 with the vertical. (a) Suppose that the second medium is flint glass. What is the angle of refraction,  ?2  (in degrees)? (Enter your answer to at least one decimal place.)  ° (b) Suppose that the second medium is fused quartz. What is the angle of refraction,  ?2,  in this case (in degrees)? (Enter your answer to at least one decimal place.)  ° (c) Finally, suppose that the second medium is ethyl…