What is database normalization, and why is it important in database design? Provide an example of a situation where normalization can help improve database performance.
What is
Database Normalization: A Key Concept in Database Design
Database normalization is a process in database design that organizes and structures data to minimize data redundancy, improve data integrity, and simplify data maintenance. It involves breaking down a complex database into smaller, related tables and establishing relationships between them. Normalization is a crucial step in database design as it helps ensure data consistency and accuracy while reducing the risk of data anomalies. In this article, we will delve into the concept of database normalization, its importance in database design, and provide an example of a situation where normalization can enhance database performance.
Understanding Database Normalization
Database normalization is based on a set of rules and guidelines known as normal forms. The most commonly used normal forms are:
First Normal Form (1NF): In 1NF, each column in a table must contain atomic (indivisible) values. It eliminates repeating groups and ensures that each value in a column is of the same data type.
Second Normal Form (2NF): To achieve 2NF, a table must first satisfy 1NF, and then it should ensure that no partial dependencies exist. This means that each non-key column in the table should depend on the entire primary key, not just part of it.
Third Normal Form (3NF): In 3NF, a table should first satisfy 2NF and then eliminate transitive dependencies. Transitive dependencies occur when a non-key column depends on another non-key column, which depends on the primary key.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a more stringent form of normalization that ensures that a table is in 3NF and that for any non-trivial functional dependency, the left-hand side is a superkey.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal Form (5NF): These higher normal forms address more complex cases of multi-valued and join dependencies.
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