Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
What is antihistamine drugs ?
Antihistamine drug-
Antihistamine is a type of drugs that prevents the physiological action of histamines.
Histamine is an nitrogenous organic compound which is involved in local immune responses and also acts as a neurotransmitter.
It is also involved in the inflammatory response.
It is a mediator of pruritus.
Histamine is produced by basophils and is found in tissues that are connected nearby. In humans, histamine is found in nearly all tissues, where it is stored mainly in mast cells.
The permeability of white blood cells is increased by histamine and this allows the pathogens to get engaged with the infected tissues.
Antihistamine drugs are used for treatment of allergies.
- When our body is exposed to certain substances like pet dander, pollen and dust mites, a chemical called histamine is formed that causes allergies.
- Symptoms of common allergy : swelling of the nose, running eyes, sometimes even itching in the mouth.
- Antihistamines drugs hinders the functioning of histamines and protect us from the allergy.
- They work against the symptoms of different kinds of allergies, which include hay fever, food allergy, etc.
- In case of nasal congestion, the doctor advices an intake of decongestant. Some such drugs are formed by the combination of antihistamines and decongestants.
- Antihistamines are used in the treatment of any allergy.
- Brompheniramine (Dimetapp) and terfenadine (Seldane) are synthetic drugs, which act as antihistamines. These drugs actually interfere with the natural action of histamines. They compete with the histamines in order to obtain the binding sites of the receptor, where histamines exert their effect.
-
Antihistamines are basically divided into two.
-
First generation Antihistamine : They block the action of histamine at the H₁ receptor, helping to relieve from allergic reactions. They are also known as H1 blockers.
- Second generation Antihistamine : They don't cause sedation and drying as that of first generation drugs. They have large molecular size.
-
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
