What instrumental errors are compensated by averaging an equal number of observations with the telescope direct and reversed?

Q: Under what circumstances would you consider using LiDAR instead of more traditional ground surveying…

A: LiDAR - Light detection and ranging or laser imaging, detection, and ranging is a method for…

Q: The following three angles A, B and C were observed from a station P: ZA = 83° 15' 12" 4" 126° 13'…

A:

Q: 4.14 A baseline of approximately 12 mi is to be observed with a GNSS eceiver. a. What method of GNSS…

A: The appropriate epoch rate and observation session duration for your survey should be determined…

Q: Part A What is the sensitivity of a level vial with 2-mm divisions for a radius of 40.4 m? Express…

A: Step 1:Solution 1: Step 2:Solution 2:

Q: which of the instrument is more accurate in angle measurement theodolite or total station? Why?

A: Total station is more accurate in angle measurement in comparison to that of theodolite.

Q: To determine the elevation of a detail point, a total station was set up on a traverse station known…

A: orthometric height = 9.456 mreflector with rod = 1.45 mvertical angle = 94.1258 degreehorizontal…

Q: ver terrestrial observations for surveying? In what circumstances should we not use GNSS?

A: Any satellite constellation that offers positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services on a…

Q: The elevation of point A is at 1200' above sea level. What is the elevation of point B if the flying…

A: Scale (s) = 1200/12000                 = 1/10

Q: If an EDM instrument has a stated accuracy of +-(2mm+3ppm) what error can be expected in a measured…

A: Given data in question  EMD instrument Accuracy Distance To find out  Error

Q: 3) Given the data in Table 2, what are the reduced HCR, VCRS, SDs, and HDs? Table 2: Traverse…

A: Given data:- Instrument @ C HI=1.533 m HR=1.300 m   Station HCR VCR SD A 0°00'03" 84°18'09"…

Q: A total station has a DIN 18723 specified accuracy of ±3″. What is the estimated precision of an…

A: Solution:  Given Data: specified accuracy=±3

Q: What does the results of dilatometer readings can be used?

A: The Flat Dilatometer Test is an in-situ testing technique used for determination of the deformation…

Q: 15.15 The manufacturer-specified accuracy for a PPK survey is +(5 mm + 1 ppm) at 68% probability.…

A: To calculate the 95% error for a control baseline observed using the stop-and-go method, one can use…

Q: How many nontrivial baselines will be observed in one session with three receivers?

A: Answer Trivial baselines are those lines that are formed when more than one GPS used in the field.

Q: ngular misclosure at a 95% confidence level

A: Given:- 4 repititions transit To find:- angular misclosure at 95% confidence level

Q: What does Modern biaxial inclinometer probes contains?

A: The inclinometers are used to measure the angles. It is used to measure the tilt in the object. The…

Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.