What instrumental errors are compensated by averaging an equal number of observations with the telescope direct and reversed?

Q: How many total pseudo range observations will be observed using a 1-sec epoch rate for a total of 3…

A: Determine the total pseudo-ranges observations using the relation; P.O=tT×NE.RHere, E.R is the epch…

Q: The standard deviation of taping a 30m distance is ±5mm. What is the total Error then for measuring…

A: Given data :- The standard deviation of taping a 30 m distance is ±5mm To determine the total error…

Q: In preplanning, it is noticed that for 20 min there is only one satellite in the NW quadrant of the…

A: (a) The need for the survey for obstruction block: The Dilution Of Precision of three coordinate…

Q: Choose the right answer for the following:

A: option a.) grazing is incorrect because grazing angle is less than the incident angle option b.)…

Q: Under what circumstances would you consider using LiDAR instead of more traditional ground surveying…

A: LiDAR - Light detection and ranging or laser imaging, detection, and ranging is a method for…

Q: The following three angles A, B and C were observed from a station P: ZA = 83° 15' 12" 4" 126° 13'…

A:

Q: 4.14 A baseline of approximately 12 mi is to be observed with a GNSS eceiver. a. What method of GNSS…

A: The appropriate epoch rate and observation session duration for your survey should be determined…

Q: Part A What is the sensitivity of a level vial with 2-mm divisions for a radius of 40.4 m? Express…

A: Step 1:Solution 1: Step 2:Solution 2:

Q: which of the instrument is more accurate in angle measurement theodolite or total station? Why?

A: Total station is more accurate in angle measurement in comparison to that of theodolite.

Q: (b) The following observations were made in a tachometric survey: Hair Remark Height of axis (m)…

A: The principle of tachymetric testing is based on the isosceles asset. It means; the ratio of the…

Q: To determine the elevation of a detail point, a total station was set up on a traverse station known…

A: orthometric height = 9.456 mreflector with rod = 1.45 mvertical angle = 94.1258 degreehorizontal…

Q: The precision specification for a total station is quoted as ± (2 mm + 2 ppm). Identify and briefly…

A: The precision specification for a total station is quoted as  ±2mm+2ppm

Q: PROBLEM II 2 points B & C were observed from point A where the instrument was set up at a height of…

A:

Q: determine the horizontal distance from the transit to point b

A: Given Data:

Q: What defines a GNSS observation session in a static survey?

A: The classic and quick GNSS survey techniques enable greater control in the identification and…

Q: 5- What is the maximum allowable error for a traverse of 2850 ft long with a required precision of…

A:

Q: A survey party proceeded to do their stadia survey work as follows: the fransif was sef up at a…

A: In tacheometric surveying,                              D = ks + cWhere, D = Horizontal distancek =…

Q: When using the rapid static surveying method, what is the minimum recommended length of the session…

A: Note- Since we answer one question at a time so we will answer the first one.      Please resubmit…

Q: a.) What is the most efficient method to reduce the overall error in the function?   b.) A line is…

A: Part C Surveyors measure angles using both faces of a total station because it will eliminate the…

Q: ver terrestrial observations for surveying? In what circumstances should we not use GNSS?

A: Any satellite constellation that offers positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services on a…

Q: Stadia observation yielded the following results: vertical angle, +13°20': top stadia hair reading,…

A: K=99.5 C=0.381m To find difference in elevation between the ground points

Q: Determine the index error if a vertical angle alpha was measured below the horizontal as 23 deg 16…

A: ● As given in the question :- vertical angle below horizontal with direct position = 23 deg 16 min…

Q: A the stadia is visible through the scope B the instrument is able to view the stadia the terrain is…

A: Explanation :  Bubble in any instrument determine whether the instrument is levelled with respect…

Q: The elevation of point A is at 1200' above sea level. What is the elevation of point B if the flying…

A: Scale (s) = 1200/12000                 = 1/10

Q: If an EDM instrument has a stated accuracy of +-(2mm+3ppm) what error can be expected in a measured…

A: Given data in question  EMD instrument Accuracy Distance To find out  Error

Q: A transit with a stadia interval factor of 98.99 was set at C on the line between points A and B,…

A:

Q: s A and B located at the edge of a large basin that is 13,000 s setup at station A and has a height…

A: SO the height of treeHT=Height of instrument +CorrectionCorrection=combined correction of refraction…

Q: Stadia observation yielded the following results: vertical angle, +13°20': top stadia hair reading,…

A: Using tacheometer formulafor horizontal distanceD=kscos2θ+Ccosθfor vertical…

Q: 3) Given the data in Table 2, what are the reduced HCR, VCRS, SDs, and HDs? Table 2: Traverse…

A: Given data:- Instrument @ C HI=1.533 m HR=1.300 m   Station HCR VCR SD A 0°00'03" 84°18'09"…

Q: A photogrammetric survey uses photographs taken with specially designed cameras from where? O a.…

A: There are different type of surveying based of instrument, area to be considered etc.…

Q: A total station has a DIN 18723 specified accuracy of ±3″. What is the estimated precision of an…

A: Solution:  Given Data: specified accuracy=±3

Q: The observe interior angles of the triangle are A= 35°14'37'', B= 96°30'09'', and C= 48°15'05''.…

A: ∠ A= 35°14'37''∠ B= 96°30'09'' ∠C= 48°15'05''

Q: What does the results of dilatometer readings can be used?

A: The Flat Dilatometer Test is an in-situ testing technique used for determination of the deformation…

Q: 15.15 The manufacturer-specified accuracy for a PPK survey is +(5 mm + 1 ppm) at 68% probability.…

A: To calculate the 95% error for a control baseline observed using the stop-and-go method, one can use…

Q: Question-. The vertical photograph was exposed with a 50 cm focal length camera at a flying height…

A: Given data- Focal length f=50 cm = 0.50 m, Flying height H=5000 m, Photo scale S=1:2500, To Find-…

Q: How many nontrivial baselines will be observed in one session with three receivers?

A: Answer Trivial baselines are those lines that are formed when more than one GPS used in the field.

Q: A group of GE 135 students conducted a laboratory on closing the horizon using the Engineer's…

A: since at o sum of the angles must be equal to 3600 Add the given angles=…

Q: why use photogrammetry over traditional surveying? what are its advantages and disadvantages? 2.…

A:

Q: List the mistakes generally made in angle observation work?

A: The errors in angle measure occurs due to following reasons:

Q: ngular misclosure at a 95% confidence level

A: Given:- 4 repititions transit To find:- angular misclosure at 95% confidence level

Q: 4) It is desired to determine the most probable value of an angle which has been measured at…

A:

Q: What does Modern biaxial inclinometer probes contains?

A: The inclinometers are used to measure the angles. It is used to measure the tilt in the object. The…

Q: A total station is set up over a point (2,703.521 mE, 1,481.345 mN, 1,951.418 m) with an instrument…

A: Elevation of total station =1951.418mCoordinates of total station,(x,y) =(2703.521,…

Q: Explain the process of locating blunders in traverse observations?

A: Solution: Process of locating blunders in traverse observations Mistake and blunders are an…

Errors in surveying

An error in surveying is defined as the difference between two or more values of an identical quantity. However, the estimates are never accurate and there will always be a degree of variability regardless of the research tool or method used. These differences are known as errors that need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain certain levels of accuracy. Even if you carefully follow the prescribed test procedures, the considerations may contain errors.