Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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What does this theory mean ?
![**Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fats (Esters)**
**Theory:**
\[ \text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \xrightarrow{H^+ \text{ or } E} \text{R-C(=O)-OH} + \text{R'OH} \]
- This reaction lowers the pH.
**Reaction Mechanism:**
1. **Initial Ester Structure:**
\[
\delta^- \quad \text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \quad \delta^+
\]
2. **Activation by Enzyme (E):**
\[
\text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \xrightarrow{E} \text{R-C(=O^+E)-OR'}
\]
3. **Nucleophilic Attack by Water:**
\[
\text{R-C(=O^+E)-OR'} \xrightarrow{H_2O} \text{R-C(-OH)-OR'}
\]
4. **Proton Transfer:**
\[
\text{R-C(-OH)-OR'} \rightarrow \text{R-C(=O)-OH} + \text{R'OH}
\]
5. **Final Products:**
- Carboxylic Acid (\(\text{R-C(=O)-OH}\))
- Alcohol (\(\text{R'OH}\))
**Note:** The diagrams show the step-by-step breakdown of the ester into a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, facilitated by the enzyme (E) and acid (\(H^+\)). The process involves nucleophilic attacks and proton transfers that gradually lead to the hydrolysis of the ester.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fc1bf3fb5-9e64-432e-925e-0027d57f841c%2Ff4980774-e1e5-4bf2-8752-07b514497be9%2Fbtxywlq_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fats (Esters)**
**Theory:**
\[ \text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \xrightarrow{H^+ \text{ or } E} \text{R-C(=O)-OH} + \text{R'OH} \]
- This reaction lowers the pH.
**Reaction Mechanism:**
1. **Initial Ester Structure:**
\[
\delta^- \quad \text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \quad \delta^+
\]
2. **Activation by Enzyme (E):**
\[
\text{R-C(=O)-OR'} \xrightarrow{E} \text{R-C(=O^+E)-OR'}
\]
3. **Nucleophilic Attack by Water:**
\[
\text{R-C(=O^+E)-OR'} \xrightarrow{H_2O} \text{R-C(-OH)-OR'}
\]
4. **Proton Transfer:**
\[
\text{R-C(-OH)-OR'} \rightarrow \text{R-C(=O)-OH} + \text{R'OH}
\]
5. **Final Products:**
- Carboxylic Acid (\(\text{R-C(=O)-OH}\))
- Alcohol (\(\text{R'OH}\))
**Note:** The diagrams show the step-by-step breakdown of the ester into a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, facilitated by the enzyme (E) and acid (\(H^+\)). The process involves nucleophilic attacks and proton transfers that gradually lead to the hydrolysis of the ester.
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