What do the holes and sharp transitions at a cross-section create?

Elements Of Electromagnetics
7th Edition
ISBN:9780190698614
Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
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What do the holes and sharp transitions at a cross-section create?

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Stress concentration:

A stress concentration is defined as a phenomenon at a location where the stress is significantly high than the neighbour regions. It causes due to sudden change in the area of cross-section of the component. At the region where the area of the cross-section changes, the stress lines pass through the narrow region, so the number of stress lines per unit area is more. That causes the abrupt change in the stress and causes stress concentration.

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