What command (include the full syntax) would you use to change access control for the group to read, write and execute. chmod g+rwx Explanation: This command gives access to everyone in the same group as the file to owner to read, write and execute
Question 1: What command (include the full syntax) would you use to change access control for the group to read, write and execute.
chmod g+rwx <files/directory>
Explanation: This command gives access to everyone in the same group as the file to owner to read, write and execute
Question 2: How would you grant full access only to Test user1 and test user2 to the directory students?
This can be done in 4 steps
- 1.Create a new group named teststudents
sudo groupadd teststudents
- 2.Add the users testuser1 and testuser2 to teststudents
sudo adduser testuser1
sudo adduser testuser2
usermod -aG teststudents testuser1
usermod -aG teststudents testuser2
- 3.Change the owner of students directory to teststudents group
sudo chown testuser1:teststudents students
or
sudo chown testuser2:teststudents students
- 4.Change the permission to only groups
sudo chmod 070 students
Question 3: explain the effect of the command chmod 777 text4 on the file text4 (if necessary, use the man command
Explanation: chmod sets the permissions for a file based on the values we provide in the mode field
It is an octal number. Here, first field means value for users, second field means value for groups and third field means value for others
7 means full access: read, write and execute
1 means execute
4 means write
6 means read
Thus, 777 will give full access(read, write and execute) on text4 file to everyone in the system
Question 4: Examine the following extract from a shadow file:
What is the encryption
The hashfile algorithm can be determined by the starting of 2nd filed (after first colon) of the shadow file
It can be one of these:
$1: MD5 hashing algorithm
$2: Blowfish Algorithm
$3: Eksblowfish Algorithm
$4: NT hashing algorithm
$5: SHA-256 Algorithm
$6: SHA-512 Algorithm
Question 5: Refer to the same shadow file extract. What is the status of the gnome-initial-setup account?
The account has been disabled
More information can be found here:
https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lame/LAME/linux-admin-made-easy/shadow-file-formats.html
We can view the shadow file extract using this command
sudo cat /etc/shadow | grep gnome
Question 6: Refer to the same shadow file extract. When will user1 and user2 have to change passwords.
This is the output of user1 in shadow file using the above command:
testuser1:$6$8om5avuh$8X/p04ogp.MyWXXkax88XkUIFy56JSUFUb5Csvp20XIkZ6zZoL2b67w9jWJCNguFaPxpd2YOAX9laZOzsOJ0V1:18338:0:99999:7:::
This means that password must be changed (99999 indicates user can keep his or her password unchanged for many, many years) Please refer the same url for this shadow file format
Question 7: Explain how did you verify if user1 and user2 have read, write, and execute access to the directory students content.
We can simly check that others cannot access the file/folder using the below account from their account. We get permission denied
cat <somefile>
or
ls students
Then we can run the same command by logging in from testuser1 or testuser2 account and we should be able to see contents or list the directory
Another way to check would be to do
ls -la students
on the terminal which would show us the permission bits and owner and group of the directory.
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