Essential nutrients
These are the organic compounds present in the food that provide nourishment essential for the development and growth of our body. Nutrients not only provide us with the required energy to carry out various biological processes but are also the building blocks for repair and growth in our bodies.
Vitamins
The vitamins are organic molecules required in low concentration for the proper functioning of the body. They cannot be generated in the organism and are taken into the body through the diet. The lack of proper vitamins results in diverse deficiency disorders. They are thus called essential nutrients. The important vitamins are vitamin A, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin E.
What are universal donors
and universal recipients
concerning the ABO blood
system?
Landsteiner along with his co-workers found out four different types of groups of blood in human beings, which are commonly called ABO blood grouping. ABO grouping is done on the presence or absence of mainly two surface antigens on the red blood corpuscles, namely A and B. Similarly, the plasma of different persons also have two types of antibodies, known as anti-A and anti-B.
In many clinical cases, blood transfusion is needed. In such cases, the donor’s blood and recipient’s blood must be compatible to avoid problems of clumping. The donor’s compatibility is shown below:
|
Blood group |
Antigens on RBCs |
Antibodies in plasma |
Donor’s group |
|
A |
A |
Anti-B |
A, O |
|
B |
B |
Anti-A |
B, O |
|
AB |
A, B |
NIL |
AB, A, B, O |
|
O |
NIL |
Anti-A, B |
O |
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