What are the ten levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere? (HINT: students should understand Figure 1.3) What are emergent properties? What are reductionism and systems biology? What is the basic unit of structure and function in living systems? What are the two main forms of cells? (HINT: students should know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and two characteristics of each.) [Theme 1: new properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization]
Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.
What are the ten levels of
should understand Figure 1.3) What are emergent properties? What are reductionism and systems
biology? What is the basic unit of structure and function in living systems? What are the two main forms
of cells? (HINT: students should know prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and two characteristics of each.)
[Theme 1: new properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization]
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