Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
What are the incomplete octets?
Octet rule:
Any atom can gain or loss or share electrons to attains noble gas electronic configuration. Noble gases posses 8 electrons in its outermost which is stable. So every atom tends to attain 8 electrons in its valency state it is said to be octet rule.
For example: CH4
Structure is:
Here 4 bonds around carbon hence 8 electrons. It is following octet.
Incomplete octets:
- It is one of the limitations of octet rule.
- For example: Boron trifluoride (BF3)
- In this molecule ‘B’ atom shows only six electrons and does not complete its octet.
- That is it is incomplete octet.
- And this is not explained by octet rule.
- Representation of molecule is:
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