Water is flowing through a pipe of 5 cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm (gauge) and with mean velocity of 2.0 m/s. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of the water at a cross- section, which is 5 m above the datum line.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.