Water is drained from a large reservoir using two horizontal pipes connected in series as shown in Figure Q3(b). The first pipe is 20 m long with 10 cm diameter, while the second pipe is 35 m long and has a 4 cm diameter. The water level in the reservoir is 18 m above the centerline of the pipe. Table Q3(b) shows the friction factor and loss coefficient for each pipe or fittings. Determine the velocity at the second pipe, discharge rate of water and the total head loss. Can you identify the material used in manufacturing the pipe? Water tank 18 m Sharp edge entrance K 20 m →* 35 m → Figure Q3(b) Draining large reservoir using two horizontal pipes Table Q3(b) Condition Friction factor, f Pipe ø = 10 cm Pipe ø = 4 cm 0.0196 0.0162 Loss coefficient, K 0.50 0.46 Sharp edge entrance Sudden contraction

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Fluid Dynamics

The study of the flow of gases and liquids, usually in and around solid surfaces, is known as fluid dynamics in physics and engineering. Fluid dynamics, for example, can be used to evaluate the movement of air through an airplane wing or the surface of a vehicle. It can also be used in ship design to increase the speed at which ships pass through water.