Vygotsky believed that all higher-order mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving are mediated by (accomplished through and with the help of) psychological tools. One tool that he emphasized in particular is:
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Vygotsky believed that all higher-order mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving are mediated by (accomplished through and with the help of) psychological tools. One tool that he emphasized in particular is:
conservation
accommodation
perspective taking
language
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Harlow’s studies of infant monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that body contact and nurturance from a caretaker towards an infant promotes:
the development of the oedipal complex
physical growth
the development of attachment
cognitive development
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Scaffolding involves a situation where:
children are partially reinforced for displaying behaviors appropriate to their culture.
children learn by imitating a large number of people in their immediate sociocultural environment.
parents or teachers encourage independent learning.
children learn with the occasional assistance and guidance of experts, usually parents or more knowledgeable peers.
Maurice is never very distressed when his mother leaves him with the babysitter, nor does he exhibit an enthusiastic greeting when she returns. Maurice usually continues to do whatever he is doing when his mother enters the room. Ainsworth would characterize Maurice as having a(n) ________ attachment.
insecure avoidant
insecure anxious-ambivalent
insecure unresponsive
secure
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Which of the following is true about the brain during adolescence?
It develops but not in the prefrontal cortex.
It experiences a significant increase in volume.
It grows and changes both in structure and function.
It goes through very little development and change.
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Carol Gilligan has criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development because:
It does not recognize higher-level moral reasoning in certain ethnic groups
Kohlberg underestimated the contribution of parent-child relationships to moral development
It places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough on moral behavior
It does not emphasize the role of reasoning about relationships and concern for others
Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship among biological development, cognitive development, and social development?
The three are independent processes.
The three are less important aspects to consider than one’s culture when studying development.
The three differ in their importance at different points in the life cycle with one aspect coming to the forefront during certain periods while the others play only a minor role.
The three are interdependent processes throughout the life span
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For her dissertation, Emily is interested in examining the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on the behavior of newborn infants. For ethical reasons, Emily cannot manipulate the amount of alcohol consumed by pregnant mothers; therefore, she should
abandon this research topic and choose some other topic to investigate.
conduct an experiment with randomly selected mothers and their infants.
conduct a correlational study with alcoholic mothers and their infants.
conduct a single-subject study with one volunteer mother and her infant.
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There have been recent changes in the human resources department at Arnold’s mother's place of employment. These changes do not affect Arnold directly, but Urie Bronfenbrenner would say they affect Arnold’s development because they are part of Arnold’s__________.
microsystem
macrosystem
mesosystem
exosystem
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