Very pure liquid water can be subcooled at atmospheric pressure to temperatures well below 0 °C. Assume that 1 kg has been cooled as a liquid to -6 °C. A small ice crystal (of negligible mass) is added to “seed” the subcooled liquid. If the subsequent change occurs adiabatically at atmospheric pressure, what fraction of the system freezes and what is the final temperature? What is ΔStotal for the process, and what is its irreversible feature? The latent heat of fusion of water at 0 °C is 333.4 J/g, and the specific heat of subcooled liquid water is 4.226 J/g °C.

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Properties of Pure Substances

A substance with fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure substance like water, air, and nitrogen. A pure substance does not have to be a single element or compound. A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is also a pure substance as long as the chemical composition is the same for all phases. These substances mainly have a constant/ uniform composition. The substances also have fixed boiling and melting points. A pure substance takes part in a chemical reaction to form predictable products.