Vaughn Design Inc. (VD) is a privately owned business that provides interior decorating options for consumers. VD follows ASPE. The software that it purchased six years ago to present clients with designs that are unique to their offices is no longer state of the art, and VD has to make a decision on replacing its software. The company has two options: 1 2. Enter into a lease agreement with Precision Inc. whereby VD makes an upfront lease payment of $12,190 on January 1, 2024, and annual payments of $4,190 over the next five years on each December 31. At the end of the lease, VD has the option to buy the software for $4,820. The first annual lease payment is on December 31, 2024. Enter into a lease agreement with Graphic Inc. on January 1, 2024, whereby VD makes five annual lease payments of $6,610, beginning on January 1, 2024. VD may purchase the software at the end of the lease period for $214. This is considered a bargain price compared with the offer of $4,820 in the proposal from Precision. Under both options, the software will require annual upgrades that are expected to cost $1,582 per year. These upgrade costs are in addition to the lease payments that are required under the two independent options. Because this additional cost is the same under both options, VD has decided to ignore it in making its choice. The Precision agreement requires a licensing fee of $1,058 to be renewed annually. If VD decides on the Precision option, the licensing fee will be included in the annual lease payment of $4,190. Both Precision and Graphic offer software programs of similar quality and ease of use, and both provide adequate support and training. The software under each offer is expected to be used for up to eight years, although this depends to some extent on technological advances in future years. Both offers are equivalent in terms of the product and service. It is now early October 2023, and VD hopes to have the software in place by its fiscal year end of December 31, 2023. VD is currently working on preparing its third-quarter financial statements, which its bank is particularly interested in seeing to ensure that VD is respecting its debt to equity ratio covenant in its loan agreement with the bank. The interest rate on the bank loan, which is VD's only source of external financing, is 10% per year. VD would have preferred to be able to buy rather than lease the software, but the expected purchase price of $30,119 exceeds the limits that the bank set for VD's borrowing. Click here to view the factor table PRESENT VALUE OF AN ANNUITY DUE. (a) Using tables, a financial calculator, or Excel functions, calculate the PV of the future minimum lease payments under each option. (Round factor values to 5 decimal places, e.g. 1.25124 and final answers to O decimal places, e.g. 5,275.) Present Value Option 1 - Precision Inc. $ Option 2 - Graphic Inc. $ Determine the nature of the lease arrangement under each of the two lease options offered to VD and the corresponding accounting treatment that should be applied. The accounting treatment of the lease Option 1 - Precision Inc. Option 2 - Graphic Inc.