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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Step 4. Examine your cladogram. Each node shows a presumed common ancestor. Find the monophyletic groups. A monophyletic group is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Thus in the following cladogram, C, D and their common ancestor form a monophyletic group. B, C, D and their common ancestor are another monophyletic group. If you tried to group B, C and their common ancestor together they would be considered paraphyletic. A paraphyletic group is a group of species that includes an ancestral species but not all of its descendants. In this case you are excluding D, which shares a common ancestor with B and C. A B D Common ancestor pf C and D Common ancestor of B, C and D Common ancestor of A, B, C and D An important thing to realize is that although the nodes represent an ancestral population it does not mean that there was a single species that directly gave rise to species C and D. Rather, tracing back from D toward the common ancestor of C and D, there could be several other species along the lineage (sequence of ancestor- descendant populations). For example, imagine that species D is a chimpanzee and C is a gorilla. The cladogram does not suggest that there was a single species that evolved into chimps and gorillas. What it does mean is that there was an ancestral population that gave rise to two distinct lineages. One lineage eventually gave rise to chimps and the other to gorillas. The lines of a cladogram represent the lineages and time. The deeper into the cladogram you go, the further back in time you go. Thus the common ancestor of B, C and D occurred before the common ancestor of C and D. Remember that cladistics is concerned with the timing of divergence. In this cladogram, C and D are the two most closely related species because they shared a common ancestor more recently than any other clade.
Transcribed Image Text:Step 4. Examine your cladogram. Each node shows a presumed common ancestor. Find the monophyletic groups. A monophyletic group is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Thus in the following cladogram, C, D and their common ancestor form a monophyletic group. B, C, D and their common ancestor are another monophyletic group. If you tried to group B, C and their common ancestor together they would be considered paraphyletic. A paraphyletic group is a group of species that includes an ancestral species but not all of its descendants. In this case you are excluding D, which shares a common ancestor with B and C. A B D Common ancestor pf C and D Common ancestor of B, C and D Common ancestor of A, B, C and D An important thing to realize is that although the nodes represent an ancestral population it does not mean that there was a single species that directly gave rise to species C and D. Rather, tracing back from D toward the common ancestor of C and D, there could be several other species along the lineage (sequence of ancestor- descendant populations). For example, imagine that species D is a chimpanzee and C is a gorilla. The cladogram does not suggest that there was a single species that evolved into chimps and gorillas. What it does mean is that there was an ancestral population that gave rise to two distinct lineages. One lineage eventually gave rise to chimps and the other to gorillas. The lines of a cladogram represent the lineages and time. The deeper into the cladogram you go, the further back in time you go. Thus the common ancestor of B, C and D occurred before the common ancestor of C and D. Remember that cladistics is concerned with the timing of divergence. In this cladogram, C and D are the two most closely related species because they shared a common ancestor more recently than any other clade.
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Transcribed Image Text:A DE F
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