Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Electronic Transitions and Spectroscopy
The term “electronic” connotes electron, and the term “transition” implies transformation. In a molecule, the electrons move from a lower to a higher energy state due to excitation. The two energy states, the ground state and the excited state are the lowest and the highest energy states, respectively. An energy change is observed with this transition, which depicts the various data related to the molecule.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a part of experimental chemistry. It is a technique used in laboratories that involves projecting intense beams of radiation on a sample element. In response, the element ejects electrons for which the relative energies are measured.
Question
Transcribed Image Text:TABLE 22.4
Group
-CH₂
-CH(CH₂)₂
-CH.CI
-CH=CH,
CH CHÀO
-CH=CHCO₂H
-CH-CH(C-O)Ar
Group
-Ar
-C-O)H
-(C=O)R
-(C=O)Ar
-(C-O)CH-CHAr
-(C=O)OCH,
-(C=O)OCH,CH,
ICOOH.
-(C-O)CI
agnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
IC ĐỊNH,
-CEN
-F
-a
-OH
-OR
-OAr
-O(C=O)R
-OIC-QiAr
-NH,
-N(CH₂)₂
Additive parameters for predicting NMR
chemical shifts of aromatic protons in CDCI,
Base value
7.36 ppm
-NH(C=O)R
ortho
-0.18
-0.14
0.02
0.04
0.19
0.28
ortho
0.23
0.53
0.60
0.45
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.77
0.76
0.46
-0.32
-0.02
-0.53
-0.45
-0.36
-0.27
-0.14
-0.71
-0.68
0.14
0.87
meta
-0,11
-0.08
-0.01
-0.04
-0.02
0.04
0.06
meta
0.07
0.18
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.08
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.09
0.12
-0.05
-0.07
-0.13
-0.14
-0.07
-0.04
0.02
0.07
-0.22
-0.15
-0.07
020
0.20
para
-0.21
-0.20
-0.04
-0.12
-0.11
0.05
0.05
(Continued)
para
-0.02
0.28
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
-0.25
-0.13
-0.08
-0.43
-0.41
-0.28
-0.13
-0.09
-0.62
-0.73
-0.27
0.35
371
-NO,
a. Base value is the measured chemical shift of benzene in CDC, (1% solution).
TABLE 22.3
Group (Y)
R
-C-C
-C=C-Arb
-C-C(C=O)OR
-C=C-R
-CC-Ar
-C-O)OH
-C-O)OR
-(C-O)H
(C=O)R
(C-O)Ar
—C ĐỊNH,
-(C=O)CI
-CEN
-Br
-CI
-OH
-OR
-OAr
-OC-OR
-O(C=O)Ar
-NH,
-NH(C=O)R
NHẠC
GIAr
Group
-R
-CH-CH
-CH.OH
-CH₂X (X-F, Cl, Br)
-C-OJOH
-C-OOR
-(C=O)H
-(C=O)R
-C=O)Ar
Additive parameters for predicting NMR chemical shifts of alkyl
protons in CDCI,
-Ar
-Br
-OR
-OAr
-O(C-O)R
—NH, NHR, -NR,
-NH(C=O)R
Methyl
Methylene
Methine
Alpha (a) substituent
H-C-Y
0.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.8
2.8
3.1
2.1
2.3
trans
value
gem
0.45
1.26
0.64
0.70
0.97
0.80
Base values
1.02
1.10
1.82
1.38
1.07
1.08
1.22
1.21
2.11
0.80
2.08
0.9 ppm
1.2 ppm
1.5 ppm
Beta (B) substituent
Additive Parameters for Predicting NMR
Chemical Shifts of Vinyl Protons in CDCI,
H-C-C-Y
0.0
0.2
0.1
of 0.1-
a. There may be dual spectra.
1-0.5 ppm in the chemical shift values calculated from this table and those
measured from
b. Ar aromatic group.
TABLE 22.5
gem
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
Gamma (y) substituent
5.28 ppm
cis
-0.22
0.08
-0.01
-0.11
1.41
1.18
0.95
1.12
1.13
0.36
0.45
0.18
-1.07
-0.60
-0.35
-1.26
-0.57
H-
-0.28
-0.01
-0.02
-0.04
0.71
0.55
1.17
0.87
0.63
-0.07
0.55
0.13
-1.21
-1.00
-0.64
1.21
-0.72
0.0
0.1
0.0
a. There may be small differences in the chemical-shift values calculated from this
table and those measured from individual spectra.
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
TABLE 22.6
Arrangment of protons
Typical proton-proton coupling constants
JHz) Arrangement of protons
8 to 13
2 to 4
33
0 to 1
JH₂)
10 to 16
11 to 14
8 to 13
2 to 6
2 to 5
Arrangement of protons
}{
"}-{"
X
-C-H
C-H
C-H
JOHz)
0 to 3
12 to 18
6 to 12
4 to 10
0.5 to 2
0
TABLE 22.7
Solvent
Acetone
Benzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethy
Ethanolb
Ethyl a acetate
Hexane
Pentane
2-Propanolb
Methanolb
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
Water (dissolved)
Water (bulk)
¹H NMR signals of common solvents
NMR signals (ppm)
2.2 (s)
7.4 (s)
7.3 (s)
1.4 (s)
5.3 (s)
1.2 (t), 3.5 (q)
2.6 (s)
1.2 (t), 3.7 (q)
1.3 (t), 2.0 (s), 4.1 (q)
0.9 (t), 1.3 (m)
0.9 (t), 1.3 (m)
1.2 (d), 4.0 (m)
3.5 (s)
1.9 (m), 3.8 (m)
2.3 (s), 7.2 (m) or (s)
1.6 (s)
4.6 (brs)
a. In CDCI,. Multiplicity of the signals is shown in parentheses.
b. The chemical shift of the O-H proton is variable, depending on the experimental
conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:Using tables 23.3-23.7, predict the shift for the carbon indicated by the arrow. Report your answer in
ppm to the tenths' place.
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