Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![**Molecular Orbital Diagram Analysis**
**Instructions:**
Use the Molecular Orbital Diagram to identify the true statements regarding the following species:
1) O₂
2) O₂²⁺
3) F₂
4) F₂²⁺
**Diagram Details:**
The diagram illustrates molecular orbitals for O₂, F₂, and Ne₂, showing the energy levels of the orbitals.
- Atomic orbitals (2s and 2p) for both atoms are indicated on either side.
- In the middle, molecular orbitals are displayed:
- σ (sigma) and π (pi) bonds are labeled.
- Bonding (lower energy) and antibonding (higher energy) orbitals are arranged vertically.
- The order from lowest to highest energy is: σ(2s), σ*(2s), σ(2p), π(2p), π*(2p), σ*(2p).
**Select all TRUE statements:**
- [ ] O₂ has a smaller bond order than F₂²⁺.
- [ ] O₂ and F₂²⁺ are both paramagnetic.
- [ ] F₂ has a weaker and longer bond than F₂²⁺.
- [ ] O₂ has a stronger and shorter bond than O₂²⁺.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6501bcec-69f0-41c7-aaf6-9d4563ecc7cd%2F2f2cb9a5-c34d-47b7-a036-db3b4218ff5d%2Fyvdpclj_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps with 4 images
