Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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![# Bond Order Calculation Using MO Diagrams
To find the bond order for BO (boron monoxide), use the given Molecular Orbital (MO) diagram.
### MO Diagram Overview
The diagram contains several molecular orbitals, represented by horizontal lines:
1. **σs**: Lowest energy level
2. **σs***: Next level with higher energy
3. **πp**: Degenerate orbitals at a higher energy level
4. **σp**: Even higher energy level
5. **πp***: Degenerate orbitals at the highest energy level
6. **σp***: Topmost energy level
### Explanation of the Diagram
- **σs and σs*** orbitals**: Represent bonding and antibonding interactions involving s orbitals.
- **πp and πp*** orbitals**: Indicate bonding and antibonding π interactions involving p orbitals.
- **σp and σp*** orbitals**: Represent the sigma bonding and antibonding interactions of p orbitals.
These orbitals are where electrons will be added according to Hund's rule and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
### Steps to Calculate Bond Order
1. **Count electrons**: Distribute electrons in the molecular orbitals starting from the lowest energy orbital.
2. **Determine the number of bonding and antibonding electrons**:
- Bonding electrons occupy lower energy orbitals (σ and π).
- Antibonding electrons occupy higher energy orbitals (σ* and π*).
3. **Use the Bond Order formula**:
\[
\text{Bond Order} = \frac{(\text{Number of Bonding Electrons} - \text{Number of Antibonding Electrons})}{2}
\]
This process helps determine the stability and strength of the bond in the molecule. In the case of BO, apply electron configuration specifics to calculate the exact bond order.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F40a9514d-d7ca-4467-8320-3b6e9b54f257%2F8c9f9d02-b2d5-4903-8f1d-63dd1bb60a7e%2F8oc1hbc_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:# Bond Order Calculation Using MO Diagrams
To find the bond order for BO (boron monoxide), use the given Molecular Orbital (MO) diagram.
### MO Diagram Overview
The diagram contains several molecular orbitals, represented by horizontal lines:
1. **σs**: Lowest energy level
2. **σs***: Next level with higher energy
3. **πp**: Degenerate orbitals at a higher energy level
4. **σp**: Even higher energy level
5. **πp***: Degenerate orbitals at the highest energy level
6. **σp***: Topmost energy level
### Explanation of the Diagram
- **σs and σs*** orbitals**: Represent bonding and antibonding interactions involving s orbitals.
- **πp and πp*** orbitals**: Indicate bonding and antibonding π interactions involving p orbitals.
- **σp and σp*** orbitals**: Represent the sigma bonding and antibonding interactions of p orbitals.
These orbitals are where electrons will be added according to Hund's rule and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
### Steps to Calculate Bond Order
1. **Count electrons**: Distribute electrons in the molecular orbitals starting from the lowest energy orbital.
2. **Determine the number of bonding and antibonding electrons**:
- Bonding electrons occupy lower energy orbitals (σ and π).
- Antibonding electrons occupy higher energy orbitals (σ* and π*).
3. **Use the Bond Order formula**:
\[
\text{Bond Order} = \frac{(\text{Number of Bonding Electrons} - \text{Number of Antibonding Electrons})}{2}
\]
This process helps determine the stability and strength of the bond in the molecule. In the case of BO, apply electron configuration specifics to calculate the exact bond order.
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