• Two Identical circular rods of same diameter and same length are subjected to same magnitude of axial tensile force. The first rod is made of mild steel having E = 206 GPa. The second rod is made of cast iron having E=100GPA. Assuming both materials to be homogenous and isotropic, axial force causes the same amount of uniform stress and within the proportional limit of both materials, Which of the following observations will be valid? Support your answer by a mathematical solution. A. Both rods elongate by the same amount B. Mild steel rod elongates more than the cast iron rod C. Cast iron rod elongates more than the mild steel rod D. As stress is equal, strain is also equal E. The observations are not valid.

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Estimating construction costs

The determination of the cost of various items that would be required to carry out a construction project successfully is termed the estimation of construction costs. For preparing an estimate, the quantities of the materials are calculated from the construction drawings or blueprint design using formulas, and using these quantities, the construction cost estimating is done. The estimation process can be manual or it can be computed using construction estimating softwares such as RSmeans, STACK, and ProEst.