Two hundred people were randomly selected from a list of all people living in Minneapolis who receive Social Security. Each person in the sample was asked whether or not they took calcium supplements. These people were followed for 5 years, and whether or not they had a heart attack during the 5-year period was noted. The researchers found that the proportion of heart attack victims in the group taking calcium supplements was significantly higher than the proportion of heart attack victims in the group not taking calcium supplements. A) observational study or an experiment B) Did the study use random selection from some population? (Yes or No) C) Did the study use random assignment to the experimental groups? (Yes or No) D) Based on the description of the study, is it reasonable to conclude that taking calcium supplements if the cause of the increased risk of a heart attack? (Yes or No)
Compound Probability
Compound probability can be defined as the probability of the two events which are independent. It can be defined as the multiplication of the probability of two events that are not dependent.
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Probability theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the subject of probability. Although there are many different concepts of probability, probability theory expresses the definition mathematically through a series of axioms. Usually, these axioms express probability in terms of a probability space, which assigns a measure with values ranging from 0 to 1 to a set of outcomes known as the sample space. An event is a subset of these outcomes that is described.
Conditional Probability
By definition, the term probability is expressed as a part of mathematics where the chance of an event that may either occur or not is evaluated and expressed in numerical terms. The range of the value within which probability can be expressed is between 0 and 1. The higher the chance of an event occurring, the closer is its value to be 1. If the probability of an event is 1, it means that the event will happen under all considered circumstances. Similarly, if the probability is exactly 0, then no matter the situation, the event will never occur.
Study 2: Two hundred people were randomly selected from a list of all people living in Minneapolis who receive Social Security. Each person in the sample was asked whether or not they took calcium supplements. These people were followed for 5 years, and whether or not they had a heart attack during the 5-year period was noted. The researchers found that the proportion of heart attack victims in the group taking calcium supplements was significantly higher than the proportion of heart attack victims in the group not taking calcium supplements.
A) observational study or an experiment
B) Did the study use random selection from some population? (Yes or No)
C) Did the study use random assignment to the experimental groups? (Yes or No)
D) Based on the description of the study, is it reasonable to conclude that taking calcium supplements if the cause of the increased risk of a heart attack? (Yes or No)
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