Two different analytical methods were used to determine residual chlorine in sewageeffluents. Both methods were used on the same six samples, but each sample camefrom different locations with differing amounts of contact time with the effluent. Theresults from both methods for Cl in mg/L are shown in the table below:a.SampleMethod AMethod B10.390.360.841.761.352.562343.353.924.695.357.708.33(i)(ii)What type of t-test should be used to compare the two methods and why?Do the two methods give different results? State and test the appropriatehypotheses.(iii) Does the conclusion differ whether the 90%, 95%, or 99% confidence levelsare used? Explain.Distinguish between the equivalence point and the end point of a titration.Give two (2) factors that must be considered when choosing an appropriateindicator for a neutralisation titration.b.(i)(ii)(iii) Explain the origin of the rule of thumb that indicator colour changes occur atpH = pK, ±1.Which acid would provide the sharper end point in a titration with 0.10 M NaOH0.10 M nitrous acid (K. = 7.1 × 10“) or 0.10 M iodic acid (K, = 1.7 × 10')?c.d.For the titration of 50.00 mL of 0.1000 M glycolic acid (K„(HOCH2COOH) =1.47 x 10) with 0.2000 M KOH, calculate the pH of the titrand:(i)before any KOH is added(ii)at the point of half neutralisation(iii)at the equivalence point (V.) The Al* concentration in an unknown solution was determined by back titration.50.00 mL of 0.05000 M EDTA solution was added to 50.00 mL of the unknownsolution. After 30 minutes, the excess EDTA was titrated with 0.04875 M Zn²*solution. 17.58 mL of the titrant was used.(i)a.Under what circumstances would you choose to use the back titration methodover the direct titration method in EDTA titrations?What was the molar concentration of Al³* in the unknown sample?(ii)A 0.917-g sample of canned tuna was analysed by the Kjeldahl method. 20.59 mL of0.1249 M HCI was required to titrate the ammonia that was liberated from the sample.Calculate the percentage nitrogen in the sample. (N = 14.007 amu)b.(i)(ii)State Beer-Lambert’s law and express the law mathematically.Differentiate between the real limitations and chemical deviations from Beer'sс.law.A solution containing a complex formed between Bi(III) and thiourea has a molarabsorptivity of 9.32 × 10° L cm' moľ' at 470 nm.What is the absorbance of a 5.67 x 10 M solution of the complex at 470 nmd.(i)in a 1.00-cm cell1?What is the percent transmittance of the solution described in part (i)?What is the molar concentration of the complex in a solution that has theabsorbance described in (i) when measured at 470 nm in a 2.50-cm cell?What is the energy of the radiation absorbed by the complex in kJ molr'?(ii)(iii)(iv)

a)i) Usually paired t-tests are used to compare the two methods in order to minimize the sources of…

Two different analytical methods were used to determine residual chlorine in sewage effluents. Both methods were used on the same six samples, but each sample came from different locations with differing amounts of contact time with the effluent. The results from both methods for Cl in mg/L are shown in the table below: a. Sample Method A Method B 1 0.39 0.36 1.35 2.56 2 0.84 1.76 3.35 4.69 3 4 3.92 5.35 7.70 8.33 What type of t-test should be used to compare the two methods and why? Do the two methods give different results? State and test the appropriate hypotheses. Does the conclusion differ whether the 90%, 95%, or 99% confidence levels are used? Explain. (i) (ii) (iii)

Two different analytical methods were used to determine residual chlorine in sewage effluents. Both methods were used on the same six samples, but each sample came from different locations with differing amounts of contact time with the effluent. The results from both methods for Cl in mg/L are shown in the table below: a. Sample Method A Method B 1 0.39 0.36 1.35 2.56 2 0.84 1.76 3.35 4.69 3 4 3.92 5.35 7.70 8.33 What type of t-test should be used to compare the two methods and why? Do the two methods give different results? State and test the appropriate hypotheses. Does the conclusion differ whether the 90%, 95%, or 99% confidence levels are used? Explain. (i) (ii) (iii)

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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