Tutorial Questions and Exercises 1. Describe in short paragraphs, with specific examples, how atmospheric composition and concentration influence earth’ weather and climate. 2. Why is ozone important for life on Earth? Where is it found and how is it formed? How is human activity influencing this important atmospheric gas?

Q: A hypothesis is a plausible explanation for a particular fact, observation, or process. Write a…

A: The formation of the earth can be dated back to around 4.5 billion years ago. In the initial years…

Q: Think of 5 minerals and their common uses and identify the specific property (ies) that made them…

A: Name of the five minerals are: Talc Gypsum Haematite Diamond Mica

Q: What accounts for the large density differences between the terrestrial and Jovian planets?

A: The universe is everything around us including all physical matters and energy such as stars,…

Q: For a surface low-pressure center to exist for an extended period, what condition must exist aloft?

A: Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air above.

Q: What process is causing wave energy to be concentrated on the headland? Predict how this area will…

A: Beach is formed by mainly quartz sands, Beach sediments are super mature and are deposited in…

Q: Excluding the Southern Ocean, name the four main ocean basins. Contrast them in terms of area and…

A: The four oceans excluding southern ocean are: Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic…

Q: What are the two major components of clean, dry air? What proportion does each represent?

A: INTRODUCTION: The Major components of clean and dry air. It contains about 1 percent for argon. The…

Q: List the steps thought to be involved in the evolution of Sun-like stars.

A: Stars are formed from the cloud of gas and dust. The cloud collapse into a prestellar core due to…

Q: Describe several ways that an animal or a plant can be preserved as a fossil.

A: There are two primary types of preservation for fossils: with and without modification. Below it is…

Q: Assume that NASA is sending space probes to each of the locations listed below. Arrange the order in…

A: CORRECT ORDER: 1) f. The Sun 2) b. A comet near the outer edge of our solar system 3) c. Jupiter 4)…

Q: A television meteorologist is able to inform viewers about the intensityof an approaching hurricane.…

A: Tornado is a violent natural event. Its violent rotation and fast move uproot the trees, destroy the…

Q: Although oceanic ridges can be as tall as some mountains on the continents, list some ways that…

A: Continental Mountains form when continental collisions occur but oceanic ridges form when upwelling…

Q: How does the area of Earth’s surface covered by oceans compare with the area covered by continents?

A: Two-third of the earth's surface is covered by water.

Q: Are estuaries associated with submergent or emergent coasts? Explain.

A: An estuary is a to some degree encased beach front group of harsh water with at least one streams…

Q: You and a friend are watching TV on a rainy day, when the weather reporter says, “The barometric…

A: Pressure is defined as the force per unit area and air pressure or atmospheric pressure is the force…

Q: The atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers, on the basis of temperature. List and…

A: Earth’s atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers on the basis of temperature, the four…

Q: This satellite image from February 4, 2013, shows a plume of dust moving from the southern Arabian…

A: This study explores the temporal and spatial patterns of different cyclone track aspects in the…

Q: Distinguish between neap tides and ebb tides.

A: Ebb is defined as the tidal phase during which the water level is falling and neap tide is defined…

Q: What is the exchangeable sodium percentage of the soil is: (4*1) / (12+2+3+4) * 100%=19.0% O True

A: Solution

Q: This sketch shows four primary craters (A, B, C, and D). The impact that produced crater A produced…

A: Craters are the result of explosions due to volcanic activity or meteorite impact. Craters are…

Q: The accompanying diagram shows three asteroids (A, B, and C) that are being pulled by the…

A: INTRODUCTION: Assuming the all the asteroid is made of the similar material with similar density but…

Q: Why do tornadoes have such high wind speeds?

A: The energy released during a thunderstorm gives rise to tornadoes. Despite their strength, tornadoes…

Q: Identify the fog type shown in the accompanying image and describe the mechanism that generated it.

A: The type of fog shown in the given image is Evaporation Fog, which is also known as steam fog or…

Q: What body in our solar system is most like Mercury?

A: The universe supposedly formed around 13.6 billion years ago by an explosion. The shape of the…

Q: Halley’s Comet has a mass estimated at 100 billion tons. Furthermore,it is estimated to lose about…

A: Estimated mass of Halley's comet = 100,000,000,000 tons Mass it looses when it orbits close to the…

Q: Why is deep-ocean circulation referred to as thermohaline circulation?

A: Thermohaline circulation, commonly known as the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt or the Global Ocean…

Q: Define salinity and list the main elements that contribute to the ocean’s salinity. Describe the…

A: INTRODUCTION  Salinity is the total amount of salt present in the body of water, called salinity. It…

Q: Contrast catastrophism and uniformitarianism.

A: Georges Cuvier, who was motivated by biblical readings and thought that all significant geologic…

Q: The accompanying map is a simplified surface weather map for April 2, 2011, on which the centers of…

A: A weather map, otherwise called brief weather conditions graph, shows different meteorological…

Q: Distinguish between clouds and fog.

A: INTRODUCTION:     Clouds: Clouds form when the water is evaporated from the surface and becomes…

Q: Why do waves approaching the shoreline often bend?

A: Beach is formed by mainly quartz sands, Beach sediments are super mature and are deposited in…

Q: Refer to Figure 8.9, which shows the historic angular unconformity at Scotland’s Siccar Point that…

A: The geological feature known as unconformity can be explained as period of erosion or…

Q: Name the scale commonly used to rate tornado intensity. How is a rating on this scale determined?

A: INTRODUCTION  Generally, tornadoes are visualized in many landmasses and continents, but due to…

Q: Describe how stratospheric ozone protects organisms on earth from UV radiation.  Describe how…

A:

Q: Explain the difference between the environmental lapse rate and adiabatic cooling.

A: The surroundings in which all the plants, animals and other living beings reside is known as the…

Q: describe ecological footprint and why it is important to environmental sustainability, Give relevant…

A: Ecological footprint is define as the quantity of nature (land and water both) required to provide…

Q: Briefly describe the hydrologic cycle.

A: Earth can be divided into four major subsystems. These are (1) Atmosphere, (2) Hydrosphere, (3)…

Q: What is the effect of wave refraction along an irregular coastline?

A: Beach is formed by mainly quartz sands, Beach sediments are super mature and are deposited in…

Q: Distinguish between the eye and the eye wall of a hurricane. How do conditions differ in these…

A: Hurricanes are defined as a storm system which rotates around an area of low pressure and produces…

Q: List five main types of fog and describe how each type forms.

A: INTRODUCTION:Fog is a cloud that touches the ground. Fog can be thin or thick, meaning people have…

Q: Explain how Galileo’s discovery of the phases of Venus supported the Copernican view of a…

A: Galileo is another Renaissance extraordinary known just by his most memorable name- - a name that is…

Q: How does frontal lifting cause air to rise?

A: INTRODUCTION: Air can flow, and be lifted through four main processes known as lifting mechanisms.…

Q: cons

A: The Delaney Clause is of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1958, Section 409, and it restricted the…

Q: Write a statement relating the environmental lapse rate to stability.

A: The environmental lapse rate is the pace of reduction of temperature with height in the fixed…

Q: How do ocean currents influence climate? Provide at least three examples.

A: In the earth most of the part is covered by a large bodies of water called oceans. The water masses…

Q: Other than composite volcanoes, what volcanic landform can generate a pyroclastic flow?

A: Pyroclastic flows are mainly formed by basaltic and andesitic composition. The flow is very less…

Q: How did each philosophy view the age of Earth?

A: There are various philosophies regarding the age of the Earth. The two main categories are…

Q: Some predict that sea level will rise by 50cm in the next 30 years but what does global warming have…

A: After 30 years when sea level rises it will effect in our envionment in terms of global warming like…

Q: In what three ways does a stream transport its load? Which part of the load moves most slowly?

A: The formation of the earth can be dated back to around 4.5 billion years ago. In the initial phases…

Q: Define fossil and discuss the conditions that favor the preservation of organisms as fossils. List…

A: DEFINITION:  Fossils are the remains or traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural…