transition or transversion: example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results i a. in a C.G base pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication D. In a T:A base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication C. ar ukf retirn the compa he sliding clampfree in spl In a T:A base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. In an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication Prp oisAsocition, however e slow if the ATP stabilized comp Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? 33. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? no longer in use, althous A helicases and topoison heir target (the sliding cl What controls when slid A?Loading of a sliding c resent in the cell. These lication, but also durin ing clamp can only ber rein. Sliding clamp loe ing clamp at the sar son the sliding clam erase is not subject mbly factors, Okaz eins all interact wi er. Thus, sliding enzymes that inter 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? disi 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATDOCG than CGeD AT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this named "UV"ánd human proteins "XP? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sense RNA polymerase quickly? A SYNTHESIS 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDN. dsDNA? ne replication Itaneously. T JA present in NA is broker a more diffic repair of thi ter 10). Th 42. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching homologous sequences and how do they function? 43. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? 44. When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA o 45. Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. 46. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? 47. What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? 48. Define a tumor suppressor and oncogene and give 49. Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. an example of each. am NHEJ. unigh Which is preferred and why? poryDNA damage, ATM decideş/whether to activat