to get a good yield in this experiment. 3. HO(CH2)50H 2 HBr - Dr. S. N. Too ran the above reaction using 14.00 g of 1,5-pentanediol and 8.00 g of HBr. He obtained 10.20 g of 1,5-dibromopentane. Which of the two reactants will be used up (limiting), and which is excess? Calculate the percent yield of the product. Br(CH2)5Br +2 H20 NITRATION OF PHENOL 1. What volume of 1.35 M nitric acid is needed to convert 7.0 g of m-methylphenol to 3-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol? (No excess of nitric acid is used.) 2. In your experiment, you made quite a bit of another phenol, in addition to the one that you isolated and purified. What is its structure? b. ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE, why did it stay behind during steam distillation? C. ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE, why did the compound you isolated distil over? 3. What is the advantage of using steam distillation rather than simple distillation in this experiment? 4. For each of the following, state whether it would undergo nitration faster, slower or at the same rate as phenol. Explain each answer. a. o-aminophenol b. p-hydroxyacetanilide C. m-ethoxybenzoic acid SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION 1. Give stereochemical formulas (such as projection formulas) for all the stereoisomers that could theoretically form during the reduction of a. The carbonyl group of 2-Butanone b. both carbonyl groups of 2,4-hexanedione. CHO MeO2C with 2. Predict the products of the reduction of a. LIAIH4 b. NABH4
Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
Sodium Borohydride Reduction @ the bottom of the page #1 and #2
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