To exchange a shared key using a symmetric cipher (called E), Alice and Bob are using the following protocol where S is a trusted third party. The goal is to establish a session key Kab between A and B. Kas and Kbs denote the pre-shared master keys of A and B with S respectively (Refer to Protocol Design slides for a discussion of other notations and important security goals for key exchange).  ■ A  S: IDA || IDB  ■ S  A: E(Kas, [Kab || IDB || E(Kbs, [Kab || IDA])])  ■ A  B: E(Kbs, [Kab || IDA])

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