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time as the virus replicates and spreads, as occurs in all viral genomes. Over time, these have changed the virus' pathogenicity and transmissibility, and will continue to do so. A point mutation first identified in the delta variant changed a leucine (L, or Leu) at position 452 in the spike protein to an arginine (R, or Arg) hence the name L452R. This mutation increases the affinity of the spike protein for the viral receptor on human cells, ACE2, allowing it to infect host cells more efficiently and making the virus more transmissible. This is background information for questions 12 and 13. Use a codon table such as the one shown in Video 2.3 to deduce the nucleotide change that must have occurred in the spike protein coding sequence to change an Leu codon to a Arg codon, bearing in mind this was a point mutation so only one nucleotide changed. For example, the answer choice below described as "C > A" means a C nucleotide in the original viral sequence changed to an A in the delta variant OC> A G>C OT>C C T> G

time as the virus replicates and spreads, as occurs in all viral genomes. Over time, these have changed the virus' pathogenicity and transmissibility, and will continue to do so. A point mutation first identified in the delta variant changed a leucine (L, or Leu) at position 452 in the spike protein to an arginine (R, or Arg) hence the name L452R. This mutation increases the affinity of the spike protein for the viral receptor on human cells, ACE2, allowing it to infect host cells more efficiently and making the virus more transmissible. This is background information for questions 12 and 13. Use a codon table such as the one shown in Video 2.3 to deduce the nucleotide change that must have occurred in the spike protein coding sequence to change an Leu codon to a Arg codon, bearing in mind this was a point mutation so only one nucleotide changed. For example, the answer choice below described as "C > A" means a C nucleotide in the original viral sequence changed to an A in the delta variant OC> A G>C OT>C C T> G

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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SARS-CoV-2 has a ~30,000 nucleotide genome. Mutations accumulate over time as the virus replicates and spreads, as occurs in all viral genomes. Over time, these have changed the virus' pathogenicity and transmissibility, and will continue to do so. A point mutation first identified in the delta variant changed a leucine (L, or Leu) at position 452 in the spike protein to an arginine (R, or Arg) hence the name L452R. This mutation increases the affinity of the spike protein for the viral receptor on human cells, ACE2, allowing it to infect host cells more efficiently and making the virus more transmissible. This is background information for questions 12 and 13. Use a codon table such as the one shown in Video 2.3 to deduce the nucleotide change that must have occurred in the spike protein coding sequence to change an Leu codon to a Arg codon, bearing in mind this was a point mutation so only one nucleotide changed. For example, the answer choice below described as "C > A" means a C nucleotide in the original viral sequence changed to an A in the delta variant O C> A G>C T> C T> G
Transcribed Image Text:SARS-CoV-2 has a ~30,000 nucleotide genome. Mutations accumulate over time as the virus replicates and spreads, as occurs in all viral genomes. Over time, these have changed the virus' pathogenicity and transmissibility, and will continue to do so. A point mutation first identified in the delta variant changed a leucine (L, or Leu) at position 452 in the spike protein to an arginine (R, or Arg) hence the name L452R. This mutation increases the affinity of the spike protein for the viral receptor on human cells, ACE2, allowing it to infect host cells more efficiently and making the virus more transmissible. This is background information for questions 12 and 13. Use a codon table such as the one shown in Video 2.3 to deduce the nucleotide change that must have occurred in the spike protein coding sequence to change an Leu codon to a Arg codon, bearing in mind this was a point mutation so only one nucleotide changed. For example, the answer choice below described as "C > A" means a C nucleotide in the original viral sequence changed to an A in the delta variant O C> A G>C T> C T> G
Neurofibromas are tumors arising from Schwann cells of the nerve sheath surrounding peripheral nerves. 90% of people who get a neurofibroma just get one tumor, and have no family history of this tumor type. However some individuals get a large number of these tumors over time; this condition is called neurofibromatosis and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait determined by a single gene. The gene involved is NF1, and encodes a protein called neurofibromin (NF1). The wild-type (normal function) version of NF1 protein downregulates the activity of Ras by promoting the conversion from the GTP- bound (active) form into the GDP-found (inactive) form. Loss of function mutations in NF1 are driver mutations in neurofibroma. Which of the following terms correctly describes the wild type version of the NF1 gene? Oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Proto-oncogene
Transcribed Image Text:Neurofibromas are tumors arising from Schwann cells of the nerve sheath surrounding peripheral nerves. 90% of people who get a neurofibroma just get one tumor, and have no family history of this tumor type. However some individuals get a large number of these tumors over time; this condition is called neurofibromatosis and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait determined by a single gene. The gene involved is NF1, and encodes a protein called neurofibromin (NF1). The wild-type (normal function) version of NF1 protein downregulates the activity of Ras by promoting the conversion from the GTP- bound (active) form into the GDP-found (inactive) form. Loss of function mutations in NF1 are driver mutations in neurofibroma. Which of the following terms correctly describes the wild type version of the NF1 gene? Oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Proto-oncogene
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