Ticket revenue (175 seats x 40% occupancy x $200 ticket price) Varlable expenses ($15 per person). $14,000 100.0% 1,050 7.5 Contribution margin . 12,950 92.5% Flight expenses: Salaries, flight crew Flight promotion 1,800 750 Depreciation of aircraft 1,550 Fuel for aircraft 5,800 Liability insurance .. Salaries, flight assistants Baggage loading and flight preparation.. Overnight costs for flight crew and assistants 4,200 1,500 1,700 at destination 300 Total flight expenses 17,600 Net operating loss $ (4,650)
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
Dropping or Retaining a Flight
Profits have been decreasing for several years at Pegasus Airlines. In an effort to improve the company’s performance, the company is thinking about dropping several flights that appear to be unprofitable.
A typical income statement for one round-trip of one such flight (flight 482) is as follows:
The following additional information is available about flight 482:
a. Members of the flight crew are paid fixed annual salaries, whereas the flight assistants are paid based on the number of round trips they complete.
b. One-third of the liability insurance is a special charge assessed against flight 482 because in the opinion of the insurance company, the destination of the flight is in a “high-risk” area. The remaining two-thirds would be unaffected by a decision to drop flight 482.
c. The baggage loading and flight preparation expense is an allocation of ground crews’ salaries and
d. If flight 482 is dropped, Pegasus Airlines has no authorization at present to replace it with another flight.
e. Aircraft depreciation is due entirely to obsolescence. Depreciation due to wear and tear is negligible.
f. Dropping flight 482 would not allow Pegasus Airlines to reduce the number of aircraft in its fleet or the number of flight crew on its payroll.
Required:
1. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) of discontinuing flight 482?
2. The airline’s scheduling officer has been criticized because only about 50% of the seats on Pegasus’ flights are being filled compared to an industry average of 60%. The scheduling officer has explained that Pegasus’ average seat occupancy could be improved considerably by eliminating about 10% of its flights, but that doing so would reduce profits. Explain how this could happen.
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