Three principal stresses of 250, 100 and -150 MN/m? act in a direction X, Y and Z respectively. Determine the normal, shear and resultant stresses which act on a plane whose normal is inclined at 30° to the Z axis, the projection of the normal on the XY plane being inclined at 55° to the XZ plane.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.