Thờ term 'mitochondrial eve' refers to O The first human woman O The last human woman who all modern homo sapiens can trace their shared lineage via DNA O The oldest fossil specimen of the genus Homo O The first australopithecine discovered by scientists Mary and Lewis Leakey
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- Knowledge of the genomes of ancient homininsmight help us better understand not only the evolutionaryhistory of hominins, but also the traits that differ between usand our relatives—the traits that make us human. Our understandingof the functions of different genes is growing rapidly,so detailed comparisons of our genes to those present in, say,Neanderthals and Denisovans are very revealing. What do youthink are the functions most likely to be related to the geneticdifferences between us and our hominin relatives?Michael Bunce and his colleagues in England, Canada, and theUnited States extracted and sequenced mitochondrial DNA from fossilsof Haast’s eagle, a gigantic eagle that was driven to extinction 700 yearsago when humans first arrived in New Zealand (M. Bunce et al. 2005.PLOS Biology 3:44–46). Using mitochondrial DNA sequences fromliving eagle species and those from Haast’s-eagle fossils, they createdthe accompanying phylogenetic tree. On this phylogenetic tree, identify(a) all nodes; (b) one example of a branch; and (c) the outgroup.The Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) is an individual who donated DNA to every single living person, meaning we are all related to each other through him/her. Which statement best describes the human MRCA based on mitochondrial evidence? O The very first member of our species O A woman who lived in Siberia 40-50,000 years ago O This person was the only human alive at some point O A woman who lived in Africa 200,000 to 300,000 years ago
- Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?hat I Can Do The evolution of man is one of the most fascinating discussion and discovery in the field of science. Humans as the race that have dominated the Earth and seem to be at the center of it have evolved greatly. Observe the illustration on the left. The common ancestor of the primates like chimpanzees and humans might look like a primitive primate with four limbs on which the forelimbs are used to hang on trees. After some time, the emergence of humans has marked a great change on the history of life on Earth. In your point of view as a senior high school STEM student, are humans still evolving? Provide evidences for your answer.How do we know mitochondrial Eve is every human's ancestor? because only males pass on mitochondrial genes global comparison of nuclear DNA global comparison of human mitochondrial and nuclear sequences comparison of African mitochondrial DNA from the past from fossil remains found in East Africa around 50,000 years ago 00
- Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…Microtaxonomy ( Species and Speciation ) People who do not believe in evolution often cite the classic example of man presumably evolving from the apes. They oftern ask: if humans evolved from apes, why are there apes until today? How will you provide a convincing answer that there is no contradiction in the existence of apes and humans at the same time?Full or partial limblessness has evolved many times invertebrates (snakes, lizards, manatees, whales). Do youexpect the mutations that occurred in the evolution oflimblessness to be in the coding or noncoding sequencesof toolkit genes? Why?
- Snakes evolved from ancestors who had the ability to walk. Some snakes, in fact, still have small pelvis and leg bones that are rermnants from this ancestor. What are these called? * O Vestigial structure Homologous strucre O Sympatric structure Molecular homology. As of this writing in 2016, no Neanderthal-derivedY chromosome nor mitochondrial DNA sequenceshas ever been found in a modern human. Proposetwo alternative explanations.Scientists know that the last common ancestor between chimpanzees and humans lived 5-7 million years ago because: O It lived shortly after the disappearance of the dinosaurs at 10 million years ago. O The carliest hominins were found in woodlands The time the last common ancestor existed can be calculated by comparing chimpanzee and human DNA and using a "molecular clock" O Chimpanze fossils first appear in the fossil record 10 million years ago