This question is about opaque predicate (a) Suppose a program p has ten if conditions, and by using opaque predicate, we introduce another if condition. Can you identify the if condition introduced by opaque predicate obfuscation? Please explain your answer. (b) Can Fermat’s little theorem be used to construct opaque predicts? Why or why not. (c) Typically there is no “free lunch”. That is, we would worry if certain “side effects” may be introduced by the obfuscators to the input program. Discuss one side effect (to the input program) of using an obfuscator. How to alleviate the side effect you suggested?

Q: For the following sentences of English, provide a symbolization in Truth functional language…

A: We need to find the symbolisation form of the given statement.

Q: You are given the predicates Friend(x.y) which is true is x and y are friends and Person(x) TRUE is…

A: Answer is given below-

Q: Create a possible scenario that shows that the set consisting of the following predicate logic…

A: ~Fa  ∀x(Fx v Gx) ∃x~Gx

Q: Consider the problem of learning the target concept "pairs of people who live in the same house,"…

A: We are to apply the PROLOG-EBG algorithm to learn the target idea of "pairs of people who live in…

Q: P is a predicate, f, g are functions, a is a constant, and x, y, we have ➡), f(y, x), × ), and f(a,…

A: Given that P is a predicate, f, g are functions, a is a constant, and x, y, u, v, w are variables,…

Q: Assume that a rook can move on a chessboard any number of squares in a straight line, vertically or…

A: Because a rook can cross many squares in a single attack, the Manhattan distance may overestimate…

Q: 2. For each of the following statements, push all negations (→) as far as possible so that no…

A: The given logic as :¬∃x¬∀y¬∀z(A(x,z) ∧ B(y,z))Taking the most negation to the right , so…

Q: 51. Establish these logical equivalences, where x does not oc- cur as a free variable in A. Assume…

A: These question answer is as follows

Q: 4. Show by constructing a program that the predicate x, <x2 is com- putable

A: Constructing a program that the predicate x1&lt;=x2  is computable are as follows:

Q: Let P(x,y) be the statement “x and y work at the same company” and Q(x,y) be the statement “x and y…

A: ((x≠y)∧P(x,y)∧Q(x,y))  it means, (x and y are two different employee) and (x and y works in same…

Q: Using predicate logic, prove the following argument. (Hint: The deductionmethod still…

A: The following inference rules will be used to prove the given argument: Modes ponens: |P → Q|  Λ…

Q: ndition P for the sta

A: Given as, Px=y+z;∈z=1,z&lt;100x+2z&gt;w+2

Q: Classify the following sentence as True or False: Reichenbach’s causation definition solves the…

A: Reichenbach's causation principle states that if two events are correlated then there is a casual…

Q: Exercise 2 In Hungarian, word order determines scope. Both of the following sentences (which differ…

A: To derive the two translations using Quantifier Raising (QR), we need to start with a structure…

Q: In the following question, use the following predicates about beings eating different type of food…

A: Given, In the following question, use the following predicates about beings eating different type…

Q: 2. Show that the predicate 'x 2 0' is a decidable predicate on Z.

A: The answer is given below:-

Q: Provide proofs or disproofs of the following arguments (use conditional proof and 4 quantifier rules…

A: Explain: x represents anyone. R (x): He fixes his own car. H (x): High skill. S (x): Save a lot of…

Q: Using the logical equivalences proven in class show that ¬(pv q vr) =npA

A: Your question is about logical equivalences rules.  Let's solve the question

Q: a simple indirect relation (e.g., X is a friend of Y and Y is a friend of Z and Z is a friend of W,…

A: To suggest possible friends to a person based on indirect relations, we can use Prolog to define the…

Q: Using the domain D = { x, , x2 } and the predicate P(x) defined on D, explain how the following…

A: A conjunction is represented by p∧q. A disjunction is represented by p v q. A negation is…

Q: er a tiny Robot World (robot R in a room) which : R walks out of the room R unlocks the door.

A: Explained

Q: The table below contains the incomplete syntactic proof of a First Order Logic argument vz q(z) →…

A:

Q: A propositional knowledge-base KB consisting of five sentences is given below (note that "/\" is…

A: A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to automatically perform a series…

Q: process (MDP) at runtime; • given a policy, evaluate the policy, and improve it

A: our task in this problem is to write a program in the Julia programming language that performs the…

Q: Suppose that we are using PDDL to describe facts and actions in a certain world called JUNGLE. In…

A: The Answer is start from step-2.

Q: Consider a concept learning problem in which each instance is a real number, and in which each…

A: Informally, the idea space (the set of all possible intervals over the reals) is continuous and…

Q: discrete structure  Consider the card problem in question 1 of tutorial 5 (Card Game). Do we need…

A: True

Q: Using predicate logic, prove that the argument is valid. Use the predicate symbols shown. There is…

A:

Q: Using the following predicates, any needed logical operators, and quantifiers if needed, translate…

A: According to the information given;- We have to follow the instruction in order to create…

Q: The domain for this problem is some unspecified collection of numbers. Consider the predicate P(x,…

A: Answer: Given  P(x, y)="x is greater than y"; we need to write the translated predicated

Q: Determine the truth value of each of the following statements if the domain consists of all…

A: Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Q: P, Q. R are predicates; x, y, 2, w, v are variableN; a and b are constants; and s is a unary…

A: Conversion of sentences FOL to CNF requires skolemization.Skolemization by definition means to…

Q: Place the following operations for converting a context-free grammer into Chomsky normal form in the…

A: The Chomsky normal form stands as CNF. A context-free grammar is in CNF if the production rules…

Q: Ann likes every toy she plays with it. A doll is a toy. A train is a toy. Ann plays with trains.…

A: To express this in Prolog we must:

Q: Use quantifiers to symbolize the following statements. Let the universe be the set of all things,…

A:

Q: Consider the following formula in predicate logic:  ∃(P(y) Λ Q(y)) with domain the set of all human…

A: Dear Student,  " ∃ " represents there exists. Also ,  P(y) Λ Q(y) means Y is an engineer and is…

Inference in AI

The inference is finding a conclusion or result based on any data, events, and any information. Usually, there will be a set of conditions and the conclusion is made, which satisfies all the given conditions are true. The conclusion is made according to the inference rules. Any artificial intelligence agent or an intelligent system uses the inference engine to find a better result or output. The work of the inference engine is to analyze the fact and figures based on all circumstances. After the analysis, the machine concludes this fact and gives it to the agent. The agent uses this conclusion for further processing and decision-making. Intelligent systems will generate new logic from existing ones based on the facts.