Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Transcribed Image Text:## The Urea Cycle Pathway
The image presents a detailed depiction of the urea cycle pathway. Below is a breakdown of the components and sequence of reactions:
### Components Key:
1. **Ornithine (1)**
2. **Carbamoyl Phosphate (2)**
3. **Citrulline (3)**
4. **Argininosuccinate (4)**
5. **Fumarate (5)**
6. **L-arginine (6)**
7. **Urea (7)**
8. **L-Aspartate (L-Asp)**
### Enzymes:
- **CPS-1**: Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
- **OTC**: Ornithine Transcarbamylase
- **ASS**: Argininosuccinate Synthetase
- **ASL**: Argininosuccinate Lyase
- **ARG1**: Arginase 1
### Cycle Overview:
1. **CPS-1 Reaction:**
- **Inputs:** NH₃, HCO₃⁻, 2 ATP
- **Outputs:** Carbamoyl Phosphate (2), 2 ADP, 1 Pi
- **Catalyst:** CPS-1
2. **OTC Reaction:**
- Ornithine (1) combines with Carbamoyl Phosphate (2) to form Citrulline (3).
- **Catalyst:** OTC
3. **ASS Reaction:**
- Citrulline (3) combines with L-aspartate in the presence of ATP to form Argininosuccinate (4).
- **Outputs:** AMP, PPi
- **Catalyst:** ASS
4. **ASL Reaction:**
- Argininosuccinate (4) breaks down into Arginine (6) and Fumarate (5).
- **Catalyst:** ASL
5. **ARG1 Reaction:**
- Arginine (6) is hydrolyzed by Arginase 1 to produce Urea (7) and Ornithine (1).
- **Catalyst:** ARG1
### Energy Consideration:
The pathway involves the conversion of ammonia (NH₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) into urea. The process is energy
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