Think of the sodium potassium pump and Digitalis use you studied to treat congestive heart disease condition. What are the following action is/are true about it? options: It increases heart rate It increases blood flow throughout the body and use to treat congestive heart failure It increases intracellular sodium and drive the influx of calcium and causes contractility All are correct A and C
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Think of the sodium potassium pump and Digitalis use you studied to treat congestive heart disease condition. What are the following action is/are true about it?
options:
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It increases heart rate |
|
|
It increases blood flow throughout the body and use to treat congestive heart failure |
|
|
It increases intracellular sodium and drive the influx of calcium and causes contractility |
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All are correct |
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A and C |
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- A 65-year old man with heart failure is unable to climb a flight of stairs without experiencing dyspnea. After several years of therapy with carvedilol, captopril and furosemide, the therapeutic plan probably needs to change now. You empirically add digoxin to improve cardiac muscle contractility. Within 4 week he has a marked improvement in his symptoms. Which of the following best describes the main cellular action of digoxin that accounts for its ability to improve his cardiovascular function? Activates beta1-adrenergic receptors Facilitates GTP binding to specific proteins Increases mitochondrial calcium (Ca++) release Inhibits sarcolemmal Na/K-ATP-aseCaffeine lowers the heart rate by increasing rates of depolarization at the SA node True False Nicotine raises the heart rate because it stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons in medulla oblongata True False The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that the force of heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber, within optimal limits of length True False If the sarcomeres stretched beyond the optimal length, the force of contraction would go down, but that can potentially happen only during open heart surgery when the heart is not constrained by the pericardium, lungs, ribs and diaphragm. True False It is the Na+ channel-driven spontaneous depolarization that is affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs to speed up or slow down the firing rate of the SA node and other conductive cells. True FalseWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.
- The following are oscilloscope tracings displaying the contractile activity of an isolated frog heart. Tracing A was taken while the heart was suspended in 23°C standard Ringer's solution. What was most likely changed to obtain tracing B? 2 4 21 Time (msec) 5 Time (msec) F 1161 TA 8 CO 10 O The Ringer's solution was cooled to 5°C Acetylcholine was added to the Ringer's solution A cholinergic agonist was added to the Ringer's solution O An adrenergic antagonist was added to the Ringer's solution Epinephrine was added to the Ringer's solutionMatch the following facts about the Renkin-Crone equation. 1.Flow limited 2.Diffusion limited 3.Solute Extraction A. The amount of solute actually transported across the capillary compared to the maximum amount available for transport. B. The rate of mass transport of the solute by diffusion out of the capillary into the tissue is faster than the rate of transport into the capillary by advection. C. Membrane Permeability. D. The relative rate of transport by diffusion to that of advection. E. The rate of mass transport of the solute into the capillary by advection is faster than by diffusion out of the capillary into the tissue.An artificial heart works in closed loop by varying its pumping rate according to changes in signals from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback compensation design it is important to know the heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a calf while the main parts of the original heart are left in place. Then the atrial pumping rate in the original heart is measured while step input changes are effected on the artificial heart. It has been found that. in general, the obtained response closely resembles that of a second-order system. In one such experiment it was found that the step response has a %OS = 30% and a time of first peak 7, 127 sec (Nakamura, 2002). Find the corresponding transfer function. Aside from the corresponding transfer function, determine the following as well: delay time, rise time, settling time and steady state error if input is a step response. CO M
- During the late phases (plateau) of the action potential of fast myocardium (e.g. ventricle) which is not true of the sodium channel? OA. Defects in inactivation can prolong the action potential and lead to long QT syndrome. OB. It is refractory. OC.A slower inactivation gate keeps the channel shut in response to sustained depolarization. OD. It fires transiently early on in the action potential and is not active during the late plateau. O E. All are true.Nifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Are elevated plasma levels of nifedipine(above 10 ng/mL) required for the drug to perform its actions? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.Nifedipine is an antihypertension medication that is also used to reduce the workload on the heart. The study below compares the effects of two different types of capsules used to administer the drug to patients (GITSred line, and Cotracten Xblue line). Each graph shows changes with time following initial administra- tion of the capsules. Figure A compares the levels of nifedipine in the blood with each capsule type. The ability of the different cap- sules to reduce workload on the heart by altering blood pressure or heart rate is shown in Figures B and C, respectively. Which type of capsule would you expect to have fewer side effects? Source: M. J. Brown and C. B. Toal. 2008. Formulation of long-acting nifedipine tablets influences the heart rate and sympathetic nervous system response in hypertensive patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 65:646652.
- In which of the following situations is calcium moving through a channel in the pacemaker membrane driven by concentration but against charge? O during the repolarization phase of the action potential, just before the channel closes O during the depolarization phase of the action potential, just after the channel opens O never O at all times that sodium is moving through the membrane O during the repolarization phase of the action potential, just after the channel opens O during the depolarization phase of the action potential, just before the channel closes O during the pacemaker potential, just before the funny channel closesUsing the new cardiovascular drug Entresto, relate how the Cardiac action potential arriving at the surface of the sarcolema results in the mobilisation of intracellular calcium and subsequent cellular contraction. List the references used to get the answerA motorcycle rider miscalculated a curve and met a horrible accident which resulted into major blood vessel injuries in the head and neck. Due to these injuries, one would expect to observe all of the following except which one among these? option 1.An increased heart rate option 2.An increase in cardiac output option 3.Increased secretion of renin by the kidneys option 4. An increased total peripheral resistance
