Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![### Understanding Double Bond Configuration
In organic chemistry, the nomenclature of double bonds involves identifying their configuration as either "Z" or "E." The Z/E nomenclature is essential for understanding the spatial arrangement of substituents around a double bond.
#### Diagram Explanation
This image presents two different organic compounds with double bonds, labeled with the configuration "Z" (from the German "zusammen," meaning "together").
- **Compound #1**:
- Structure: It contains a six-membered ring with a substituent methyl group (CH₃) and a carboxylic acid group (CO₂H) attached to the double-bonded carbon atoms.
- Label: The double bond is marked as "Z."
- **Compound #2**:
- Structure: This compound includes a five-membered ring with a bromine (Br) substituent and a hydrogen atom on either side of the double bond.
- Label: The double bond is also marked as "Z."
#### Checklist for Configuration
To determine if the double bonds are labeled correctly as "Z" or "E," follow these steps:
1. **Priority Rule**: Assign priority to the substituents attached to each carbon of the double bond based on atomic number (higher atomic numbers have higher priority).
2. **Same Side**: If the groups with the highest priority are on the same side, the configuration is "Z."
3. **Opposite Side**: If the groups with the highest priority are on opposite sides, the configuration is "E."
Each compound offers a dropdown menu where you can verify the correctness of the "Z" label for educational purposes.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe21ad11-6e18-4b63-a679-8109648f0f0b%2F6faf6ea8-c1aa-4cdf-8536-40209ef408df%2F4sihm9w_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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