There is increasing scientific interest in the gut-brain axis, and the possibility of communication between the gut and the brain. Discuss molecular mechanisms by which such communication could occur. Explain and evaluate the scientific evidence suggesting that the gut-brain axis affects brain functions and brain disorders. Use figures and diagrams to illustrate your answer (This is a neuroscience question)
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There is increasing scientific interest in the gut-brain axis, and the possibility of communication between the gut and the brain. Discuss molecular mechanisms by which such communication could occur. Explain and evaluate the scientific evidence suggesting that the gut-brain axis affects brain functions and brain disorders. Use figures and diagrams to illustrate your answer
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- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disorder where the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed. Symptoms are varied and MS is often difficult to diagnose. Often, one of the first signs of MS is poor or delayed motor function (some patients may experience difficulty retaining their urine, while others may experience difficulty moving their tongue or arms). come up with a hypothesis explaining why symptoms vary from person to person.Create a mind map with the following items as the central topic: Fish scalesDescribe brain imaging evidence for localization of function. Describe experiments thatinvolved looking at still pictures and that involved looking at movies. What does eachtype of experiment tell us about localization of function?
- Single cell recordings in the dorsal stream (parietal areas) tell us about the mechanisms involved in action control. All of the following is true, EXCEPT: a. All listed here are correct b. Neurons in different parietal areas support the link between gaze-centered neurons area to the body-centered neurons c. Some neurons signal whether to move eyes and some neurons signal whether to move hands d. Some neurons in the anterior intraparietal area respond to 3D shapes that vary in size/orientation, but not to 2D shapes e. Some neurons respond based on the position of an object in relation to the hand f. Neurons in the parietal cortex are allocentric and they exhibit activity that reflects learned movementsSome researchers hypothesize that activity in certain regions of the brain represents the subjective value of an object being considered (meaning that the activity level in the brain region corresponds to how valuable the object is). (a) name a brain region that might represent the subjective value of an object being considered, such as a donut, and explain a research finding that supports your answer. (b) name a general factor that would influence the response of this brain region when a person views the donut (and state whether it would increase activity in the brain region or decrease it)Alcohol addiction is a condition in which a person experiencesdependent on alcohol and difficult to control its consumption. On the other hand, excessive alcohol consumption in the long term can cause disturbances in brain performance, including disturbances in memory, attention, coordination, and locomotion. How does alcohol affect the functioning of nerve cells and the central nervous system? What is the mechanism that occurs? Based on information from the literature, analyze what will happen to coordination and locomotion in someone who is addicted to alcohol and consumes large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time.
- Long-distance runners (26.2 miles) describe Runner’s High as a feeling of euphoria. It is often described as a feeling of being invincible and individuals claim a lost sense of time while running. Runner’s high is believed to be caused by very small molecules called endocannabinoids released by the brain that affect the way a person feels, moves, and reacts. Based on the information above what you know of interacting systems, which of the following two are correct? A. If the release of endocannabinoid molecules is increased, the runner will not experience the feeling of euphoria and will stop running. B. The muscular system is not affected by the release of endocannabinoids, which are released by the nervous system. C. If the function of the nervous system is compromised and endocannabinoids are not released, the function of the muscular system is affected and prolonged endurance will be jeopardized. D. The release of endocannabinoids at the cellular level plays an indirect…Let's say you are making a new recipe for the first time. You'll need to read the recipe, measure ingredients, mix your batter, and bake it. Describe four parts of the nervous system you will use and how you will use them while you are making the cake. (There is more than 4, but only need to four).Discuss a situation where the nervous system is functionally influencing the work system. (Give 5 situation and explain it)
- Create a mind map with the following items as the central topic: Fish scales The Sample format (MindMeister) for creating a mind map is attached below.Describe the passage of information through the nervous system using a specific example. Be sure to include in detail: The collection of stimuli at the sense organ and receptors involved as well as graded potential. The passing of the impulse along ascending pathways. Location in the brain that processes the information. Sending out motor information from brain. The passing of the impulse down descending pathways. Response by a skeletal muscle. each part needs to be answered in a lengthy answer28. Neuroimaging research from Gallant Lab on the representation of the mental lexicon showed which of the following? words that are semantically related are represented in distant areas of cerebral cortex a single word is only represented in one area of the brain words that are closely phonologically related are represented in closely located areas of the brain spatial organization of words in the cortex is meaningfully related to the organization of other functions, for example, words that are associated with visual relations are located in occipital (visual) cortex
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