Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Question
There are three common types of radiation and nuclear changes:
Note: I want a short answer that does not exceed 3 lines, please
![AL-ESRAA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
There are three common types of radiation and nuclear changes:
Alpha Radiation (a) is the emission of an alpha particle from an atom's nucleus.
An a particle contains two protons and two neutrons (and is similar to a He
nucleus: 2 He). When an atom emits a particle, the atom's atomic mass will decrease
by four units (because two protons and two neutrons are lost) and the atomic
number (z) will decrease by two units. The element is said to "transmutate" into
another element that is two z units smaller. An example of an a transmutation takes
place when uranium decays into the element thorium (Th) by emitting an alpha
particle, as depicted in the following equation:
238
234
4
U→ He +
2
92
0
Ce+
-1
(Note: in nuclear chemistry, element symbols are traditionally preceded by
their atomic weight [upper left] and atomic number [lower left].)
Beta Radiation (3) is the transmutation of
a neutron into
14
Th
90
0
a proton and
an electron (followed by the emission of the electron from the atom's nucleus: -1
When an atom emits a ß particle, the atom's mass will not change (since there is no
change in the total number of nuclear particles); however, the atomic number will
increase by one (because the neutron transmutated into an additional proton). An
example of this is the decay of the isotope of carbon called carbon-14 into
the element nitrogen:
14
Dr. Maad Abdullah Hussein
N
7
6
Gamma Radiation (y) involves the emission of electromagnetic energy (similar
to light energy) from an atom's nucleus. No particles are emitted during
gamma radiation, and thus gamma radiation does not itself cause
the transmutation of atoms; however, y radiation is often emitted during, and
simultaneous to, a or ß radioactive decay. X-rays, emitted during the beta decay of
cobalt-60, are a common example of gamma radiation.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F94458cf2-014b-466a-bada-fa68de68f3b9%2F05921e16-9ced-4c0d-a864-8e345e8a591e%2Ffmv35w_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:AL-ESRAA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
There are three common types of radiation and nuclear changes:
Alpha Radiation (a) is the emission of an alpha particle from an atom's nucleus.
An a particle contains two protons and two neutrons (and is similar to a He
nucleus: 2 He). When an atom emits a particle, the atom's atomic mass will decrease
by four units (because two protons and two neutrons are lost) and the atomic
number (z) will decrease by two units. The element is said to "transmutate" into
another element that is two z units smaller. An example of an a transmutation takes
place when uranium decays into the element thorium (Th) by emitting an alpha
particle, as depicted in the following equation:
238
234
4
U→ He +
2
92
0
Ce+
-1
(Note: in nuclear chemistry, element symbols are traditionally preceded by
their atomic weight [upper left] and atomic number [lower left].)
Beta Radiation (3) is the transmutation of
a neutron into
14
Th
90
0
a proton and
an electron (followed by the emission of the electron from the atom's nucleus: -1
When an atom emits a ß particle, the atom's mass will not change (since there is no
change in the total number of nuclear particles); however, the atomic number will
increase by one (because the neutron transmutated into an additional proton). An
example of this is the decay of the isotope of carbon called carbon-14 into
the element nitrogen:
14
Dr. Maad Abdullah Hussein
N
7
6
Gamma Radiation (y) involves the emission of electromagnetic energy (similar
to light energy) from an atom's nucleus. No particles are emitted during
gamma radiation, and thus gamma radiation does not itself cause
the transmutation of atoms; however, y radiation is often emitted during, and
simultaneous to, a or ß radioactive decay. X-rays, emitted during the beta decay of
cobalt-60, are a common example of gamma radiation.
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