Theorem 7.11 For a random variable X, which assumes only integral values, the erpectation E (X) can be calculated either from probability distribution P (X = i) = p;or in terms of qk = Pk +1+ Pk+2 +... 00 00 Thus E (X) = E ip; = I qx %3D %3D i=1 k=0 In terms of the generating functions : E (X) = P'(1) = Q (1)

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